How a DWI Lawyer Can Challenge Breath Test Evidence in Texas 98033

If you have been arrested and are are seeking for a DWI lawyer in Lubbock, the quick answer is this: a breath test is exceptional evidence, but it is simply not computerized facts of guilt, and it could actually occasionally be challenged. A DWI arrest in Lubbock County can put your driver’s license, your legal file, and in a few instances your freedom at probability. It can also jump a separate license suspension procedure lower than Texas’s ALR application, and the time limit things. In such a lot situations, you have 15 days from receiving word of suspension to request an ALR listening to, and in blood verify situations the cut-off date is 20 days from the mailing date of the notice (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 524.031, 724.041).

If you desire clean solutions approximately your challenge, Texas Criminal Defense Group gives a unfastened session. You can call (806) 542-3513 to talk using what passed off, what cut-off dates practice, and what a DWI lawyer also can seek within the cease, the trying out process, and the State’s facts.

What Happens After a DWI Arrest in Lubbock

A DWI arrest in the main begins with reserving, an appearance previously a Justice of the Peace, and paperwork that affects the two your offender case and your license. In Lubbock County, employees arrested for DWI are booked into the Lubbock County Detention Center, 3502 N. Holly, Lubbock, TX 79403. Arrests within the discipline might contain the Lubbock Police Department, the Lubbock County Sheriff’s Office, the Texas Department of Public Safety, or the Texas Tech University Police Department.

Texas law calls for an appearance previously a magistrate without unnecessary delay and inside 48 hours of arrest (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 15.17). The Sheriff’s Office says these hearings are held not less than twice day after day and are dwell-streamed. At that degree, the magistrate addresses straightforward rights and bond. Bond will likely be posted at the detention center bond window or by a bail bond business enterprise.

If an officer requested for a breath or blood specimen after arrest, the officer should learn the DIC-24 statutory warning lower than Texas implied consent law (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 724.011, 724.0.5). If the officer believes a suspension applies, possible additionally get hold of a DIC-25 Notice of Suspension. That note issues given that it may well cause the closing date to request an ALR hearing.

It also helps to separate three alternative levels:

Arrested method police took you into custody.
Charged means a prosecutor filed a crook case.
Convicted capacity you have been determined accountable, or in some circumstances entered a plea that ended in a conviction.

Those don't seem to be the identical element. A consumer can also be arrested for DWI and now have defenses to the forestall, the arrest, the breath experiment, or the price itself. In Lubbock County, misdemeanor and felony DWI instances are prosecuted via the Lubbock County Criminal District Attorney’s Office.

How Texas Law Defines DWI

In Texas, DWI potential operating a motor automobile in a public vicinity when intoxicated (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.04). The State does no longer should prove each and every DWI case with a breath check over zero.08. Texas legislations gives prosecutors two separate ways to try and prove intoxication (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.01(2)).

First, the State may claim you probably did no longer have the usual use of your intellectual or actual faculties by using alcohol, a managed substance, a drug, a hazardous drug, a combination of these materials, or the other substance. Second, the State may well claim your alcohol concentration was once 0.08 or more (Tex. Penal Code §§ forty nine.01(1), 49.01(2)).

That is why a man can also be arrested even if a later look at various result is lower than zero.08. The prosecution may just nonetheless attempt to turn out intoxication under the “average use” definition. It also potential DWI situations can contain more than alcohol. Prescription medical care will probably be part of a DWI allegation, and a legitimate prescription is not a safeguard by means of itself (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.10).

Texas legislation also makes use of large language for where and the way DWI can occur. “Operating” isn't really confined to using down I-27 or Loop 289. “Public location” comprises locations comparable to parking a whole lot and house everyday regions (Tex. Penal Code § 1.07). A DWI arrest also can ensue on Broadway, in a shop automobile parking space, or in another subject open to the public.

Texas additionally treats DUI another way. For drivers beneath 21, DUI by using a minor is a separate offense for using with any detectable quantity of alcohol inside the frame (Tex. Alco. Bev. Code § 106.041). It is a Class C misdemeanor. It will not be a lesser model of DWI, and adults won't be charged with it. A driver beneath 21 can still be charged with full DWI if the facts more healthy the DWI statute.

Texas DWI Penalties (Current as of September 2026)

Texas DWI penalties depend on the facts, the alcohol concentration stage alleged, prior convictions, and whether everybody was once injured or a child passenger became interested. The desk under summarizes the offense levels indexed in Texas rules as of September 2026.

| Offense | Statute | Offense Level | Confinement | Maximum Fine | |---|---|---|---|---| | First DWI | Tex. Penal Code §§ forty nine.04(b), 12.22 | Class B misdemeanor | 72 hours minimum to a hundred and eighty days in county prison | $2,000 | | First DWI with open box in immediately ownership | Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.04(c) | Class B misdemeanor | 6 days minimum to 180 days in county detention center | $2,000 | | DWI with alcohol attention of zero.15 or more at time of prognosis | Tex. Penal Code §§ 49.04(d), 12.21 | Class A misdemeanor | Up to 1 12 months in county prison | $4,000 | | DWI in school crossing area at the same time lowered tuition velocity decrease applies | Tex. Penal Code §§ 49.04(e), 12.35 | State penitentiary legal | a hundred and eighty days to 2 years in country prison | $10,000 | | DWI with passenger younger than 15 | Tex. Penal Code § 49.0.5 | State penitentiary prison | 180 days to 2 years in kingdom detention center | $10,000 | | Second DWI | Tex. Penal Code § 49.09(a) | Class A misdemeanor | 30 days minimum in county prison, up to one yr | $four,000 | | Third DWI | Tex. Penal Code §§ 49.09(b)(2), 12.34 | Third-measure legal | 2 to 10 years in penal complex | $10,000 | | Intoxication attack | Tex. Penal Code § 49.07 | Third-level felony | 2 to 10 years in penitentiary | $10,000 | | Intoxication manslaughter | Tex. Penal Code §§ 49.08, 12.33 | Second-level felony | 2 to 20 years in jail | $10,000 | | Boating whereas intoxicated | Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.06 | Class B misdemeanor | 72 hours minimum to one hundred eighty days in county reformatory | $2,000 |

A final DWI conviction can even cause a separate state fine beneath Transportation Code § 709.001. That positive is $3,000 for a primary conviction inside of a 36 month interval, $4,500 for a 2d or subsequent conviction within 36 months, or $6,000 if the alcohol concentration used to be 0.15 or more. It is as well as to the legal positive. The courtroom should waive it if the man or woman is stumbled on indigent.

Protecting Your Driver's License

Your license shouldn't be instantly suspended the moment you're arrested, however a suspension can begin if you happen to do no longer act in time. The ALR program creates a separate civil system from the criminal case, and the time limits come rapid (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 524.031, 724.041).

The ALR listening to and suspension lengths

If you timely request an ALR hearing, the suspension does no longer soar until eventually the executive rules pass judgement on comes to a decision the case. ALR hearings are handled by way of the State Office of Administrative Hearings, and the security can subpoena the arresting officer. That might be incredible simply because it could display evidence early.

For most adult cases, the suspension lengths are:

| Basis for suspension | Suspension size | |---|---| | Failing a take a look at | 90 days | | Failing a check with previous alcohol-connected or drug-comparable enforcement contact inside 10 years | 1 12 months | | Refusing a try | 180 days | | Refusing a examine with past alcohol-appropriate or drug-associated enforcement touch inside of 10 years | 2 years |

These suspension sessions come from Transportation Code §§ 524.022 and 724.035. If no hearing is asked, the suspension often starts off at the 40th day after detect. ALR suspensions is not going to be probated, and the reinstatement money is $125 (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.046).

A first DWI conviction might also cause a separate license suspension of ninety days to one year (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.344(a)).

Occupational driver's license

An occupational driving force’s license, additionally called an main need license, may perhaps let constrained riding all over a suspension (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.2421). For an ALR-merely suspension, the petition goes to a court inside the county the place you dwell or the place the arrest took place. For a suspension after a conviction, the petition must be filed with the court docket of conviction.

The courtroom have got to order alcohol-dependence counseling until it reveals extraordinary purpose no longer to (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.245). By default, driving is confined to 4 hours a day, but the court can enable up to 12 hours in case you teach want (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.248(b)). If the occupational license requires an ignition interlock gadget, the time, direction, and intention limits do no longer follow (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.248(d)).

The signed court docket order works as a momentary license for forty five days (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.249). An SR-22 is required. No occupational license is ever issued for driving a industrial motor auto (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.2424).

Ignition interlock and SR-22

An ignition interlock tool is a breath-structured instrument hooked up in a motor vehicle. Texas regulation in many instances requires interlock as a bond circumstance for a repeat DWI charge and for DWI with a newborn passenger, intoxication attack, or intoxication manslaughter expenditures (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 17.441). It is usually required as a condition of community supervision for sure situations, including 0.15 or more, repeat offenders, and drivers beneath 21 (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.408).

If deferred adjudication neighborhood supervision is a possibility in a primary DWI case, an ignition interlock instrument is needed until waived after an evaluation.

An SR-22 is a Financial Responsibility Insurance Certificate that your insurance coverage friends files with DPS. It is a certificates, no longer a coverage.

How a DWI Defense Lawyer Challenges the Evidence

A dwi defense lawyer looks on the complete case, not simply the wide variety on a attempt effect. Breath evidence may be challenged, yet so can the traffic cease, the field assessments, the arrest determination, the blood draw, and the timing of a zero.15 consequence.

The site visitors stop

A lawful traffic quit calls for cost effective suspicion, and an arrest requires probable cause under the Fourth Amendment. If an officer stopped you without a valid criminal groundwork, that hindrance may influence what evidence may also be used later.

In practice, the security might evaluation the report, dash-cam footage, and body-cam pictures. The question is continuously functional: what targeted statistics did the officer claim justified the give up on a avenue like Marsha Sharp Freeway or in a car parking zone, and do the recordings tournament that declare?

Field sobriety tests

Field sobriety tests may well be challenged based totally on how they had been defined, demonstrated, completed, and scored. The standardized best DWI attorney in Lubbock County assessments are the horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk-and-turn, and one-leg stand, constructed by using NHTSA.

No Texas statute calls for a motive force to perform field sobriety assessments, and declining them does not intent an ALR suspension. These tests are mainly offered as symptoms of intoxication, but they may be still human observations. A protection attorney can even contemplate even if the officer used the standardized lessons and whether the video supports the officer’s conclusions.

Breath tests

Breath test proof will be puzzled on equally the laptop side and the human aspect. In Texas, breath checking out is achieved on the Intoxilyzer 9000 as a result of the DPS Breath Alcohol Testing Program, and authorized operators are used (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.016).

A protection legal professional may also evaluate:

operator certification statistics
upkeep and calibration statistics
the timing of the breath specimen
regardless of whether the records exhibit problems that matter in your case

The State still has to connect the attempt outcome to you and to the time that subjects. A breath outcome should be powerful proof, but it will not be past evaluate truly seeing that a laptop produced a host.

Texas law additionally subjects for those who refused a requested specimen. Under implied consent law, refusal is still you may, however it might carry a longer ALR suspension and should be would becould very well be used as facts at trial (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 724.011, 724.061). That does no longer come to a decision the crook case through itself, but it is a part of the full evidence snapshot.

Blood checks and seek warrants

Blood evidence also can be challenged, notably whilst the problem is no matter if police had consent, a legitimate warrant, or exact emergency instances. Since 2021, police by and large desire a seek warrant or correct emergency circumstances to take blood with no consent, even when a specimen could another way be mandatory (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.012(e)).

Texas rules additionally calls for blood to be drawn via certified workforce in a sanitary area (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.017). Blood samples are retained, and a man could request full understanding approximately the diagnosis (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 38.50, top Lubbock DWI attorney Tex. Transp. Code § 724.018). Chain-of-custody documents is usually reviewed.

If you gave the officer the asked specimen, you could possibly, inside 2 hours of arrest, prepare yet another self sufficient blood examine by a qualified man or women of your determining (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.019). Police do no longer should transport you for that verify.

You could also listen the phrase “No Refusal.” That is the call of an enforcement initiative, not a law. During those operations, a refusal sometimes leads officials to searching for a choose-signed blood seek warrant, and the refusal nevertheless triggers the ALR suspension.

The zero.15 timing question

A 0.15 case can many times elevate a timing quandary. Texas makes DWI a Class A misdemeanor if the alcohol awareness used to be 0.15 or greater at the time the analysis used to be performed (Tex. Penal Code § 49.04(d)).

That wording things considering the fact that the sample is constantly taken after the end, not at the same time as the individual become riding. In some situations, the safety could question how the later scan outcome relates back to the earlier driving time. That can cause concerns approximately timing and retrograde extrapolation.

Possible Outcomes for a First DWI

A first DWI case can end in several the several methods, based on the proof, the proof, your history, and the prosecutor’s selections. No sincere legal professional should always promise a specific end result. What things is how reliable the State’s evidence is and what authorized complications may be raised.

Dismissal also can appear in some situations, yet not immediately. If key facts has legal complications, if facts is lacking, or if the prosecution decides it will not meet its burden, dismissal should be would becould very well be plausible.

Reduction can appear in some situations, yet it depends at the records and the prosecutor. One achieveable relief known by using Texas legislations is Obstructing Highway or Other Passageway (Tex. Penal Code § 42.03). That is not very accessible in each and every case.

Deferred adjudication community supervision has been to be had for a first DWI in view that September 1, 2019 (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.102). On triumphant completion, there may be no conviction. But it really is now not available if the alcohol attention turned into zero.15 or greater on the time of the offense, if the someone holds a advertisement driver’s license or learner’s enable, if a toddler passenger used to be involved, or if the rate is better. A DWI deferred adjudication still counts as a previous conviction if a man is later charged with DWI back (Tex. Penal Code § 49.09(g)).

Community supervision (characteristically generally known as probation) is an additional probably outcome. Straight community supervision is a conviction with a probated sentence. For misdemeanor cases, community supervision is capped at 2 years, despite the fact that it'll be accelerated after a contravention (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.053).

Many first-time circumstances also require categories. The DWI Education Program is 12 hours under TDLR guidelines and is most commonly done inside of a hundred and eighty days of being put on group supervision (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.403). Repeat offenders attend the DWI Intervention Program, no less than 30 hours (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.404).

Trial is also an selection in some cases. At trial, the State ought to end up guilt past a cheap doubt. A breath check is handiest one element of that proof.

Records after the case, nondisclosure and expunction

A DWI arrest record does not disappear on its own. Whether you can actually later clean or minimize public get admission to to the checklist is dependent on how the case ends.

An order of nondisclosure can seal many first DWI facts from public view if the legal standards are met (Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 411.0726, 411.0731, 411.0736). Waiting sessions range:

2 years after discharge from deferred adjudication
2 years after polishing off network supervision if interlock become required for a minimum of 6 months, in a different way 5 years
3 years after a conviction without supervision if interlock became required for no less than 6 months, differently 5 years

Not every person qualifies. It is not very reachable for a zero.15 or more conviction. It can even be denied if the State proves the offense triggered a collision concerning a different character. Law enforcement and licensing enterprises can nonetheless see sealed documents.

An expunction is exceptional. It is ruled via Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 55A and should practice after an acquittal, after assured dismissals, or while charges are in no way filed and waiting periods circulate. A dismissal does now not erase information through itself. An expunction petition is needed. A conviction that stands cannot be expunged, until in infrequent situations which include a pardon or authentic-innocence comfort.

A Texas DWI conviction stays on a felony document permanently. There is no automated elimination after 7 or 10 years.

Repeat and Felony DWI Charges

Repeat DWI bills are plenty extra critical as a result of earlier intoxication offenses can broaden the charge stage and the energy sentence. In Texas, past intoxication convictions depend for enhancement despite how vintage they are. There is no 10 year washout, and out-of-state priors count (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.09(c)).

A 2nd DWI is a Class A misdemeanor with a minimal 30 days of confinement (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.09(a)). A 1/3 DWI is a 3rd-stage felony punishable by means of 2 to ten years in prison and a satisfactory up to $10,000 (Tex. Penal Code §§ forty nine.09(b)(2), 12.34).

Some past intoxication offenses other than DWI also can be counted, which includes earlier boating, flying, and amusement trip intoxication convictions. That is one rationale a careful history overview concerns in a repeat case.

Bond circumstances can even change into stricter. Texas law normally requires an ignition interlock device as a bond circumstance for a repeat DWI payment and for fees involving a toddler passenger, intoxication attack, or intoxication manslaughter (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 17.441).

Intoxication assault way inflicting serious physical injury by way of rationale of intoxication. It is a 0.33-level felony (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.07). Intoxication manslaughter is normally a 2nd-stage felony punishable by using 2 to twenty years (Tex. Penal Code § 49.08). Since September 1, 2025, intoxication manslaughter is additionally a first-degree felony in definite instances, including while multiple man or women dies in the similar crook transaction (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.09(b-2)).

A lubbock dwi defense lawyer managing a repeat or prison case will usually evaluate both the contemporary facts and the prior conviction records due to the fact enhancement rules can swap the charge stage dramatically.

CDL Holders, Texas Tech Students, and Drivers Under 21

Some corporations face additional outcomes even on a primary arrest. That includes advertisement drivers, human beings below 21, and college students managing a school conduct strategy at the similar time.

For CDL holders, a breath outcome of 0.04 or more at the same time operating a advertisement motor automobile brings a 1 year business license disqualification as an administrative movement, no longer a felony price (Tex. Transp. Code § 522.081(b)). A first DWI conviction in any vehicle, or refusing or failing a look at various, also brings a 1 year CDL disqualification, or 3 years if hauling placarded harmful ingredients. A 2d brings a lifetime disqualification (Tex. Transp. Code § 522.081).

Texas also bars CDL and commercial learner’s allow holders from DWI deferred adjudication neighborhood supervision (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.102). And no occupational license is issued for using a industrial motor vehicle (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.2424).

For drivers beneath 21, Texas has the separate offense of DUI by way of a minor, which suggests driving with any detectable amount of alcohol inside the physique (Tex. Alco. Bev. Code § 106.041). But a driving force less than 21 can still be charged with complete DWI if the statistics support it. Interlock is usually required as a situation of group supervision for drivers underneath 21 in DWI circumstances (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.408).

For Texas Tech students, the criminal case is simply not invariably the in basic terms quandary. A college conduct course of can also run separately from the criminal case.

A DWI Lawyer Near You in Lubbock

If you had been arrested in Lubbock County, native assistance is accessible. Texas Criminal Defense Group is discovered at 1001 Texas Ave, Lubbock, TX 79401, and the mobilephone range is (806) 542-3513.

The agency allows human beings arrested for DWI in and around Lubbock County, adding arrests tied to urban streets, highways, and public areas throughout the time of the neighborhood. If your arrest involved a breath try, a better steps may perhaps consist of reviewing the discontinue, the DIC documents, the ALR cut-off date, the video proof, and the testing statistics.

If you've been looking out on-line for a DWI lawyer close to me, the such a lot competent next movement is often a direct smartphone name. A consultation might actually help take into account what time limits apply and what worries may matter in your designated case.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long do I need to request an ALR listening to after a DWI arrest in Texas?

Usually, you will have 15 days from receiving become aware of of suspension to request an ALR hearing (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 524.031, 724.041). In blood test instances, DPS may well mail the attention later, and the closing date is 20 days from the mailing date. It isn't 15 days from the arrest itself.

Is my license suspended appropriate away after a DWI arrest in Lubbock?

No, your license just isn't robotically suspended in the intervening time of arrest (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 524.031, 724.041). If you timely request an ALR listening to, the suspension does now not start out unless and unless the executive regulation pass judgement on upholds it. If no hearing is requested, the suspension usually starts offevolved on the 40th day after word.

Can I get an occupational motive force's license after a DWI suspension?

Yes, in lots of cases you possibly can ask for an occupational driving force’s license (Tex. Transp. Code § 521.2421). The filing courtroom depends on no matter if the suspension is ALR-handiest or follows a conviction. An SR-22 is required, and the court order acts as a short-term license for 45 days. It does now not enable advertisement motor car or truck riding.

Can a primary DWI be a legal in Texas?

Yes, a primary DWI is usually a legal in a few scenarios. DWI with a passenger younger than 15 is a kingdom penitentiary felony (Tex. Penal Code § forty nine.0.5). DWI in a tuition crossing sector although the decreased university speed decrease applies may be a kingdom penitentiary felony (Tex. Penal Code § 49.04(e)). A first DWI without a such enhancement generally is a misdemeanor.

What is the distinction among DWI and DUI in Texas?

DWI and DUI are assorted offenses in Texas. DWI is the grownup intoxication offense less than Penal Code Chapter forty nine. DUI through a minor applies most effective to drivers beneath 21 with any detectable quantity of alcohol (Tex. Alco. Bev. Code § 106.041). Adults can't be charged with DUI, and a driving force under 21 can still be charged with DWI.

Does deferred adjudication for DWI remember as a conviction?

For so much functions, profitable deferred adjudication method there's no conviction (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.102). But Texas treats DWI in a different way for long term enhancement. A DWI deferred adjudication still counts as a prior conviction if the particular person is later charged with DWI back (Tex. Penal Code § 49.09(g)).

Can I seal or expunge a DWI in Texas?

Sometimes, yet it is dependent on how the case ended. Many first DWI cases might qualify for an order of nondisclosure, which seals the file from public view if the requisites are met (Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 411.0726, 411.0731, 411.0736). Expunction also can follow after an acquittal, yes dismissals, or no filed bills after ready intervals. A conviction that stands is not going to more commonly be expunged.

What happens if I refuse a breath or blood examine in Texas?

A refusal can cause a longer ALR suspension, and it will probably be used as proof at trial (Tex. Transp. Code §§ 724.011, 724.061). For adults, a refusal regularly brings a 180 day suspension, or 2 years with a qualifying past enforcement touch inside 10 years (Tex. Transp. Code § 724.half). Whether police can still gain blood can even rely on consent, a warrant, or emergency instances.

Do I ought to do box sobriety checks in Texas?

No Texas statute calls for you to participate in discipline sobriety tests. Declining them does not create an ALR suspension. The standardized exams are the horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk-and-turn, and one-leg stand. Even when anyone does function them, the security may perhaps still question how the officer urged, located, and scored the assessments.

How long does a DWI stay in your document in Texas?

A Texas DWI conviction remains for your prison listing permanently. There isn't any automatic removal after 7 or 10 years. In some first-offense situations, anyone might also later qualify for an order of nondisclosure, which seals the rfile from public view, however that isn't always automated and does now not erase the document.

Do I need a lawyer for a first DWI offense?

You are not legally required to rent a legal professional, but many individuals do because a primary DWI can impact the two the crook case and the driver’s license technique. A dwi legal professional lubbock citizens call may perhaps overview the prevent, testing statistics, ALR deadlines, and you could effect reminiscent of dismissal, reduction, network supervision, or deferred adjudication, if purchasable.

A DWI arrest can depart you with a large number of questions, however you do not must type simply by the deadlines and office work by myself. Texas Criminal Defense Group can give an explanation for the ALR strategy, the felony case, and no matter if there might possibly be grounds to main issue breath attempt proof or other areas of the State’s case. To hooked up a unfastened session, name (806) 542-3513 or visit 1001 Texas Ave, Lubbock, TX 79401.

This web page adds generic recordsdata about Texas regulation, now not authorized recommendation. Contacting the enterprise does not create an legal professional-consumer courting. Current as of September 2026.