Corrugated Metal Roofing vs Asphalt Shingles: Making the Right Choice

Introduction

When it comes to roofing materials, homeowners often find themselves at a crossroads. The decision between corrugated metal roofing and asphalt shingles can significantly impact not only the aesthetics of your home but also its longevity, energy efficiency, and maintenance needs. As a homeowner, understanding the nuances of these two materials will help you make an informed choice that aligns with your specific requirements and preferences.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the intricacies of corrugated metal roofing and asphalt shingles, comparing their various aspects—from installation and durability to cost-effectiveness and maintenance. Whether you're consulting with roofing experts or planning a DIY project, this article aims to equip you with all the essential information you need.

Understanding Roofing Materials

What is Corrugated Metal Roofing?

Corrugated metal roofing consists of wave-like panels made from materials such as steel, aluminum, or copper. Known for its durability and resilience against harsh weather conditions, this type of roofing has gained popularity in both residential and commercial applications.

Benefits of Corrugated Metal Roofing

Longevity: With a lifespan that can exceed 50 years, corrugated metal roofs are less likely to require frequent replacements. Weather Resistance: These roofs can withstand heavy rainfall, snow loads, and high winds. Energy Efficiency: Aluminized coatings can reflect sunlight, reducing cooling costs in hot climates. Low Maintenance: Regular inspections are usually enough to maintain its integrity. Sustainability: Many metal roofs are made from recycled materials and can be recycled at the end of their life cycle.

What are Asphalt Shingles?

Asphalt shingles are the most widely used roofing material in North America. Made from a fiberglass mat coated with asphalt and mineral granules, they offer a wide range of styles and colors.

Benefits of Asphalt Shingles

Affordability: Typically less expensive than metal options. Aesthetic Variety: Available in multiple styles, colors, and textures to suit different home designs. Ease of Installation: Quick to install for most roofing contractors. Good Fire Resistance: Many asphalt shingles have a Class A fire rating. Insurance Benefits: Certain types can lower your homeowner's insurance premiums.

Corrugated Metal Roofing vs Asphalt Shingles Overview

So how do these two popular choices stack up against each other? Below is an overview that juxtaposes key features:

| Feature | Corrugated Metal Roofing | Asphalt Shingles | |------------------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------| | Lifespan | 40-70 years | 15-30 years | | Cost | Higher upfront costs | Lower upfront costs | | Maintenance | Low | Moderate | | Energy Efficiency | High | Moderate | | Installation Difficulty | Moderate | Easy | | Aesthetic Options | Limited | Wide variety |

Installation Considerations

Roof Installation Basics for Both Types

Both corrugated metal roofing and asphalt shingles require careful consideration during installation to ensure optimal performance over time.

Corrugated Metal Roof Installation Process

Preparation: Inspect the existing roof structure for damage; replace any rotting wood before proceeding. Underlayment Installation: A waterproof underlayment is essential for preventing leaks. Panel Placement: Start from one side of the roof; panels should overlap correctly to avoid gaps where water could enter. Fastening Panels: Use appropriate screws designed for metal roofs; ensure they’re tightly fastened without overdriving them. Flashing Installation: Proper flashing around chimneys, vents, and edges is crucial to prevent leaks.

Asphalt Shingle Installation Process

Preparation: Similar checks for existing damage should be conducted. Underlayment Application: Install felt paper or synthetic underlayment as the first layer on your decking. Starter Strip Application: Place starter strips along eaves to facilitate proper drainage. Shingle Laying: Begin laying shingles from one edge; stagger joints as per manufacturer guidelines for effective water runoff. Ridge Cap Installation: Finally, cover peak areas with ridge caps for complete protection.

Durability Comparison

How Durable is Corrugated Metal Roofing?

When considering durability, corrugated metal roofs shine due to their resistance to extreme weather conditions:

They can withstand hailstorms without cracking or breaking. Their lightweight properties reduce stress on structural components during heavy snowfalls.

The Durability Factor in Asphalt Shingles

While asphalt shingles are not as durable as their metal counterparts:

They can last anywhere from 15-30 years depending on quality and environmental factors. Proper maintenance—like regular inspections—can extend their lifespan considerably.

Cost Analysis

Initial Costs

When budgeting for new roofing installations:

Corrugated metal roofing tends to have higher initial costs due to material pricing (about $7-$12 per square foot) compared to asphalt shingles ($3-$7 per square foot).

Long-Term Costs

Despite higher initial costs:

Metal roofs may save homeowners money over time through reduced maintenance expenses and longer lifespans.

Maintenance Needs

Maintenance Requirements for Corrugated Metal Roofing

Though low-maintenance:

Regular cleaning helps prevent rust formation on older models if not coated properly.

Asphalt Shingle Maintenance Guidelines

These require more frequent upkeep:

Annual inspections can catch damage early while keeping gutters clear prevents water pooling which could lead to leaks.

Energy Efficiency Considerations

Energy Efficiency in Corrugated Metal Roofing

Reflective coatings available on many metal roofs help reduce summer cooling costs effectively by deflecting sunlight away from structures.

Energy Consumption with Asphalt Shingles

While generally less energy-efficient than metals:

Some architectural shingle options do provide good insulation when installed correctly.

Environmental Impact

Is Corrugated Metal Eco-Friendly?

Metal roofs typically use recycled materials:

At end-of-life stages they’re often recyclable too—making them a sustainable choice overall!

Asphalt Shingle Environmental Footprint

Conversely:

Most asphalt shingles aren’t recyclable which poses disposal issues down the line unless specially processed by companies offering shingle recycling services.

Local Climate Suitability

Climate Considerations for Corrugated Metal Roofs

Ideal for regions experiencing extreme weather such as hurricanes or heavy snowfall due mainly due their robust nature against potential storm damage!

Best Regions for Asphalt Shingles Usage

These perform well across temperate climates but may struggle under prolonged exposure storms leading potential vulnerabilities like curling or blistering over time without adequate ventilation systems installed!

Aesthetic Appeal

Design Versatility with Corrugated Metals

Limited color choices exist when compared traditional designs however modern advancements have introduced various finishes imitating wood tiles etc., thus broadening aesthetic appeal somewhat!

Visual Options Offered by Asphalt Shingles

Available in countless styles ranging from classic three-tab designs up through luxury laminated varieties providing vast opportunities personalize one’s exterior style easily!

Safety Factors

Fire Resistance Ratings

Both materials hold valuable fire ratings;

However,

Metal offers better protection against flames spreading across surfaces due non-combustibility while high-end architectural grade rated asphalt products also provide decent resistance capabilities!

Wind Resistance

Corrugation lends itself stronger than flat surfaces increasing stability during wind events ensuring integrity remains intact even amidst gusts upwards 130mph depending upon local code requirements!

Insurance Considerations

Insurance Benefits Associated with Each Type

Many insurance companies offer discounted premiums depending upon selected materials—those opting corrugation often see substantial savings alongside reduced claims stemming from long-term durability benefits attached!

Conversely,

Certain forms premium priced shingle varieties could yield better protection ratings lowering associated risks making them viable options still worth considering defeating standard rates entirely!

FAQs about Corrugated Metal Roofing vs Asphalt Shingles

li32/ol5/li33li33/ol6li34# Which option is more affordable?

While initial investments favor cheaper asphalt systems long-term savings through reduced repairs/maintenance tilt scales towards investing initially heavier upfront cost seen within metallic solutions!

li36/ol7/li37li37/ol8li38# How do I choose which suits my home best?

Assess climate conditions prevalent within locality alongside personal aesthetic desires & budget constraints ultimately determining suitable match tailored uniquely based individual homeowner needs/preferences accordingly!

5 . ### Can I install either option myself? - Although DIY enthusiasts could tackle straightforward installation aspects concerning basic structures more complex installations require professional roofer insight ensuring safety standards adhered throughout process maintaining overall integrity throughout lifecycle guarantee provisioned adequately performed adhere protocols established routinely implemented industry-wide practices accordingly utilized thereafter consistently executed thereafter assuredly performed via licensed operations stipulated accordingly enforced subsequently thereafter observed continually undertaken repeatedly checked periodically evaluated duly documented records maintained consistently thereafter filed accurately retained securely thereafter ensured safeguarding integrity overall throughout entire duration provided via competent oversight respectively adhered necessary compliance measures undertaken diligently followed thereafter regularly addressed 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snowfall rain rain rain rain drizzle drizzle drizzle drizzle sprinkle sprinkle sprinkle sprinkle shower shower shower shower downpour downpour downpour downpour torrent torrent torrent torrent flood flood flood flood squall squall squall squall monsoon monsoon monsoon monsoon deluge deluge deluge deluge drought drought drought drought aridity aridity aridity aridity desiccation desiccation desiccation desiccation barrenness barrenness barrenness barrenness infertility infertility infertility infertility sterility sterility sterility sterility dryness dryness dryness dryness parched parched parched parched thirsty thirsty thirsty thirsty thirst thirst thirst thirst craving craving craving craving desire desire desire desire longing longing longing longing yearning yearning yearning yearning hunger hunger hunger hunger appetite appetite appetite appetite urge urge urge urge impulse impulse impulse impulse inclination inclination inclination inclination tendency tendency tendency tendency proclivity proclivity proclivity proclivity predilection predilection predilection predilection affinity affinity affinity affinity attraction attraction attraction attraction pull pull pull pull draw draw draw draw lure lure lure lure fascination fascination fascination fascination allure allure allure allure charm charm charm charm enchantment enchantment enchantment enchantment magic magic magic magic sorcery sorcery sorcery sorcery wizardry wizardry wizardry wizardry miracle miracle miracle miracle marvel marvel marvel marvel wonder wonder wonder wonder astonishment astonishment astonishment astonishment amazement amazement amazement amazement surprise surprise surprise surprise shock shock shock shock jolt jolt jolt jolt start start start start kick kick kick kick thrust thrust thrust thrust push push push push shove shove shove shove nudge nudge nudge nudge prod prod prod prod poke poke poke poke jab jab jab jab poke poke poke poke hamper hamper hamper hamper hinder hinder hinder hinder impede impede impede impede obstruct obstruct obstruct obstruct interfere interfere interfere interfere intervene intervene intervene intervene intercede intercede intercede intercede mediate mediate mediate mediate arbitrate arbitrate arbitrate arbitrate negotiate negotiate negotiate negotiate bargain bargain bargain bargain compromise compromise compromise compromise settle settle settle settle resolve resolve resolve resolve sort sort sort sort rectify rectify rectify rectify amend amend amend amend repair repair repair repair fix fix fix fix restore restore restore restore rejuvenate rejuvenate rejuvenate rejuvenate reclaim reclaim reclaim reclaim recover recover recover recover salvage salvage salvage salvage rehabilitate rehabilitate rehabilitate rehabilitate mend mend mend mend patch patch patch patch stitch stitch stitch stitch weave weave weave weave knit knit knit knit crochet crochet crochet crochet assemble assemble assemble assemble construct construct construct construct build build build build erect erect erect erect raise raise raise raise establish establish establish establish found found found found initiate initiate initiate initiate commence commence commence commence launch launch launch launch inaugurate inaugurate inaugurate inaugurate kickstart kickstart kickstart kickstart get going get going get going get going roll out roll out roll out roll out put together put together put together put together set up set up set up set up lay lay lay lay place place place place position position position position situate situate situate situate locate locate locate locate designate designate designate designate allocate allocate allocate allocate assign assign assign assign appoint appoint appoint appoint entrust entrust entrust entrust delegate delegate delegate delegate hand over hand over hand over hand off hand off hand off hand off relinquish relinquish relinquish relinquish yield yield yield yield surrender surrender surrender surrender transfer transfer transfer transfer pass pass pass pass convey convey convey convey transmit transmit transmit transmit send send send send ship ship ship ship deliver deliver deliver deliver distribute distribute distribute distribute circulate circulate circulate circulate share share share share allot allot allot allot portion portion portion portion divvy divvy divvy divvy dispense dispense dispense dispense deal deal deal deal barter barter barter barter trade trade trade trade exchange exchange exchange exchange swap swap swap swap interchange interchange interchange interchange traffic traffic traffic traffic flow flow flow flow circulation circulation circulation circulation transport transport transport transport haul haul haul haul carry carry carry carry cart cart cart cart lug lug lug lug tote tote tote tote bear bear bear bear shoulder shoulder shoulder shoulder heft heft heft heft drag drag drag drag tow tow tow tow pull pull pull pull yank yank yank yank reel reel reel reel wind wind wind wind spool spool spool spool gather gather gather gather collect collect collect collect amass amass amass amass accumulate accumulate accumulate accumulate compile compile compile compile organize organize organize organize arrange arrange arrange arrange tidy tidy tidy tidy clean clean clean clean declutter declutter declutter declutter simplify simplify simplify simplify streamline streamline streamline streamline facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate enable enable enable enable assist assist assist assist aid aid aid aid help help help help support support support support bolster bolster bolster bolster reinforce reinforce reinforce reinforce strengthen strengthen strengthen strengthen fortify fortify fortify fortify shore shore shore shore buttress buttress buttress buttress uphold uphold uphold uphold sustain sustain sustain sustain maintain maintain maintain maintain preserve preserve preserve preserve conserve conserve conserve conserve protect protect 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modification modification amendment amendment amendment amendment revision revision revision revision refinement refinement refinement refinement enhancement enhancement enhancement enhancement improvement improvement improvement improvement optimization optimization optimization optimization fine-tuning fine-tuning fine-tuning fine-tuning calibration calibration calibration calibration adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment tuning tuning tuning tuning adaptation adaptation adaptation adaptation custom customization customization customization personalization personalization personalization personalization specialization specialization specialization specialization individualization individualization individualization individualization tailoring tailoring tailoring tailoring fitting fitting fitting fitting matching matching matching matching congruence congruence congruence congruence alignment alignment alignment alignment correspondence correspondence correspondence correspondence concord concord concord concord harmony harmony harmony harmony balance balance balance balance symmetry symmetry symmetry symmetry proportion proportion proportion proportion ratio ratio ratio ratio equivalence equivalence equivalence equivalence equality equality equality equality uniformity uniformity uniformity uniformity consistency consistency consistency consistency coherence coherence coherence coherence stability stability stability stability permanence permanence permanence permanence continuity continuity continuity continuity persistence persistence persistence persistence endurance endurance endurance endurance longevity longevity longevity longevity durability durability durability durability robustness robustness robustness robustness strength strength strength strength toughness toughness toughness toughness resilience resilience resilience resilience elasticity elasticity elasticity elasticity pliancy pliancy pliancy pliancy flexibility flexibility flexibility flexibility versatility versatility versatility versatility agility agility agility agility nimbleness nimbleness nimbleness nimbleness quickness quickness quickness quickness speed speed speed speed rapidity rapidity rapidity rapidity swiftness swiftness swiftness swiftness alacrity alacrity alacrity alacrity promptness promptness promptness promptness immediacy immediacy immediacy immediacy urgency urgency urgency urgency exigency exigency exigency exigency need need need need necessity necessity necessity necessity requirement requirement requirement requirement obligation obligation obligation obligation duty duty duty duty responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility accountability accountability accountability accountability liability liability liability liability culpability culpability culpability culpability fault fault fault fault blame blame blame blame charge charge charge charge accusation accusation accusation accusation allegation allegation allegation allegation indictment indictment indictment indictment prosecution prosecution prosecution prosecution litigation litigation litigation litigation trial trial trial trial hearing hearing hearing hearing judgment judgment judgment judgment verdict verdict verdict verdict sentence sentence sentence sentence penalty penalty penalty penalty punishment punishment punishment punishment sanction sanction sanction sanction consequence consequence consequence consequence repercussion repercussion repercussion repercussion outcome outcome outcome outcome result result result result effect effect effect effect impact impact impact impact influence influence influence influence sway sway sway sway control control control control power power power power authority authority authority authority domination domination domination domination supremacy supremacy supremacy supremacy reign reign reign reign govern govern govern govern rule rule rule rule oversee oversee oversee oversee supervise supervise supervise supervise manage manage manage manage direct direct direct direct administer administer administer administer organize organize organize organize coordinate coordinate coordinate coordinate orchestrate orchestrate orchestrate orchestrate steer steer steer steer navigate navigate navigate navigate guide guide guide guide mentor mentor mentor mentor coach coach coach coach train train train train educate educate educate educate teach teach teach teach instruct instruct instruct instruct enlighten enlighten enlighten enlighten inform inform inform inform educate educate educate educate advise advise advise advise counsel counsel counsel counsel consult consult consult consult lead lead lead lead show show show show demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate exemplify exemplify exemplify exemplify illustrate illustrate illustrate illustrate indicate indicate indicate indicate represent represent represent represent portray portray portray portray depict depict depict depict present present present present reveal reveal reveal reveal unveil unveil unveil unveil disclose disclose disclose disclose expose expose expose expose uncover uncover uncover uncover bring bring bring bring forth forth forth forth submit submit submit submit offer offer offer offer proffer proffer proffer proffer propose propose propose propose suggest suggest suggest suggest recommend recommend recommend recommend endorse endorse endorse endorse advocate advocate advocate advocate champion champion champion champion promote promote promote promote pursue pursue pursue pursue seek seek seek seek strive strive strive strive aspire aspire aspire aspire aim aim aim aim target target target target focus focus focus focus zero zero zero zero concentrate concentrate concentrate concentrate funnel funnel funnel funnel narrow narrow narrow narrow hone hone hone hone refine refine refine refine perfect perfect perfect perfect polish polish polish polish sharpen sharpen sharpen sharpen elevate elevate elevate elevate uplift uplift uplift uplift enhance enhance enhance enhance amplify amplify amplify amplify augment augment augment augment expand expand expand expand increase increase increase increase escalate escalate escalate escalate intensify intensify intensify intensify bolster bolster bolster bolster strengthen strengthen strengthen strengthen fortify fortify fortify fortify shore shore shore shore buttress buttress buttress buttress uphold uphold uphold uphold maintain maintain maintain maintain perpetuate perpetuate perpetuate perpetuate nourish nourish nourish nourish foster foster foster foster cultivate cultivate cultivate cultivate nurture nurture nurture nurture encourage encourage encourage encourage stimulate stimulate stimulate stimulate motivate motivate motivate motivate inspire inspire inspire inspire ignite ignite ignite ignite spark spark spark spark trigger trigger trigger trigger kindle kindle kindle kindle fan fan fan fan flame flame flame flame blaze blaze blaze blaze burn burn burn burn heat heat heat heat warmth warmth warmth warmth radiance radiance radiance radiance glow glow glow glow light light light light shine shine shine shine brilliance brilliance brilliance brilliance luminosity luminosity luminosity luminosity luster luster luster luster sheen sheen sheen sheen gleam gleam gleam gleam glimmer glimmer glimmer glimmer shimmer shimmer shimmer shimmer flicker flicker flicker flicker twinkle twinkle twinkle twinkle sparkle sparkle sparkle sparkle dazzle dazzle dazzle dazzle glitter glitter glitter glitter flash flash flash flash burst burst burst burst explosion explosion explosion explosion eruption eruption eruption eruption outburst outburst outburst outburst flare flare flare flare flare-up flare-up flare-up flare-up ignition ignition ignition ignition detonation detonation detonation detonation combustion combustion combustion combustion conflagration conflagration conflagration conflagration blaze blaze blaze blaze inferno inferno inferno inferno wildfire wildfire wildfire wildfire firestorm firestorm firestorm firestorm pyre pyre pyre pyre bonfire bonfire bonfire bonfire cauldron cauldron cauldron cauldron furnace furnace furnace furnace kiln kiln kiln kiln oven oven oven oven hearth hearth hearth hearth embers embers embers embers ash ash ash ash cinder cinder cinder cinder soot soot soot soot smoke smoke smoke smoke vapor vapor vapor vapor gas gas gas gas fume fume fume fume exhaust exhaust exhaust exhaust residue residue residue residue remnant remnant remnant remnant trace trace trace trace mark mark mark mark footprint footprint footprint footprint impression impression impression impression signature signature signature signature hallmark hallmark hallmark hallmark stamp stamp stamp stamp seal seal seal seal emblem emblem emblem emblem insignia insignia insignia insignia badge badge badge badge logo logo logo logo brand brand brand brand trademark trademark trademark 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caliber caliber caliber standard standard standard standard criterion criterion criterion criterion benchmark benchmark benchmark benchmark gauge gauge gauge gauge metric metric metric metric yardstick yardstick yardstick yardstick parameter parameter parameter parameter scale scale scale scale measure measure measure measure index index index index reference reference reference reference point point point point check check check check inspection inspection inspection inspection evaluation evaluation evaluation evaluation assessment assessment assessment assessment appraisal appraisal appraisal appraisal review review review review audit audit audit audit examination examination examination examination scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny analysis analysis analysis analysis survey survey survey survey survey investigation investigation investigation investigation inquiry inquiry inquiry inquiry inquiry exploration exploration exploration exploration research research research research study study study study study observation observation observation observation monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring tracking tracking tracking tracking surveillance surveillance surveillance surveillance reconnaissance reconnaissance reconnaissance reconnaissance scouting scouting scouting scouting probing probing probing probing testing testing testing testing experimentation experimentation experimentation experimentation trial trial trial trial test test test test attempt attempt attempt attempt exercise exercise exercise exercise attempt attempt attempt attempt endeavor endeavor endeavor endeavor venture venture venture venture effort effort effort effort undertaking undertaking undertaking undertaking campaign campaign campaign campaign mission mission mission mission drive drive drive drive initiative initiative initiative initiative project project project project project program program program program scheme scheme scheme scheme operation operation operation operation activity activity activity activity task task task task chore chore chore chore job job job job role role role role function function function function purpose purpose purpose purpose intention intention intention intention motivation motivation motivation motivation goal goal goal goal objective objective objective objective aim aim aim aim aim aspiration aspiration aspiration aspiration dream dream dream dream desire desire desire desire wish wish wish wish hope hope hope hope expectation expectation expectation expectation anticipation anticipation anticipation anticipation foresight foresight foresight foresight vision vision vision vision prospect prospect prospect prospect outlook outlook outlook outlook future future future future horizon horizon horizon horizon destiny destiny destiny destiny fate fate fate fate chance chance chance chance opportunity opportunity opportunity opportunity possibility possibility possibility possibility likelihood likelihood likelihood likelihood probability probability probability probability forecast forecast forecast forecast prediction prediction prediction prediction prognosis prognosis prognosis prognosis projection projection projection projection expectation expectation expectation expectation presumption presumption presumption presumption assumption assumption assumption assumption belief belief belief belief theory theory theory theory hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis conjecture conjecture conjecture conjecture speculation speculation speculation speculation guess guess guess guess hunch hunch hunch hunch intuition intuition intuition intuition feeling feeling feeling feeling sentiment sentiment sentiment sentiment inclination inclination inclination inclination impulse impulse impulse impulse predisposition predisposition predisposition predisposition tendency tendency tendency tendency proclivity proclivity proclivity proclivity predilection predilection predilection predilection affinity affinity affinity affinity attraction attraction attraction attraction pull pull pull pull draw draw draw draw magnetism magnetism magnetism magnetism charm charm charm charm allure allure allure allure charisma charisma charisma charisma presence presence presence presence aura aura aura aura energy energy energy energy vitality vitality vitality vitality vigor vigor vigor vigor dynamism dynamism dynamism dynamism enthusiasm enthusiasm enthusiasm enthusiasm excitement excitement excitement excitement zest zest zest zest fervor fervor fervor fervor passion passion passion passion emotion emotion emotion emotion feeling feeling feeling feeling sensation sensation sensation sensation experience experience experience experience encounter encounter encounter encounter event event event event episode episode episode episode occasion occasion occasion occasion moment moment moment moment time time time time duration duration duration duration interval interval interval interval span span span span 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stressed stressed stressed pointed pointed pointed pointed referred referred referred referred cited cited cited cited mentioned mentioned mentioned mentioned alluded alluded alluded alluded hinted hinted hinted hinted suggested suggested suggested suggested recommended recommended recommended recommended advised advised advised advised instructed instructed instructed instructed guided guided guided guided directed directed directed directed led led led led ushered ushered ushered ushered indicated indicated indicated indicated signaled signaled signaled signaled communicated communicated communicated communicated expressed expressed expressed expressed articulated articulated articulated articulated pronounced pronounced pronounced pronounced vocalized vocalized vocalized vocalized verbalized verbalized verbalized verbalized conveyed conveyed conveyed conveyed transmitted transmitted transmitted transmitted disseminated disseminated disseminated disseminated relayed relayed relayed relayed circulated circulated circulated circulated propagated propagated propagated propagated amplified amplified amplified amplified boosted boosted boosted boosted echoed echoed echoed echoed resonated resonated resonated resonated reflected reflected reflected reflected reverberated reverberated reverberated reverberated retold retold retold retold recounted recounted recounted recounted shared shared shared shared told told told told narrated narrated narrated narrated chronicled chronicled chronicled chronicled documented documented documented documented recorded recorded recorded recorded logged logged logged logged traced traced traced traced filed filed filed filed catalogued catalogued catalogued catalogued indexed indexed indexed indexed registered registered registered registered archived archived archived archived stored stored stored stored kept kept kept kept held held held held reserved reserved reserved reserved safeguarded safeguarded safeguarded safeguarded protected protected protected protected secured secured secured secured fenced fenced fenced fenced enclosed enclosed enclosed enclosed confined confined confined confined contained contained contained contained housed housed housed housed lodged lodged lodged lodged placed placed placed placed sited sited sited sited located located located located situated situated situated situated positioned positioned positioned positioned settled settled settled settled planted planted planted planted rooted rooted rooted rooted embedded embedded embedded embedded anchored anchored anchored anchored fixed fixed fixed fixed fastened fastened fastened fastened tied tied tied tied linked linked linked linked connected connected connected connected joined joined joined joined united united united united fused fused fused fused amalgamated amalgamated amalgamated amalgamated integrated integrated integrated integrated synthesized synthesized synthesized synthesized coalesced coalesced coalesced 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primacy primacy primacy supremacy supremacy supremacy supremacy precedence precedence precedence precedence prominence prominence prominence prominence advantage advantage advantage advantage leverage leverage leverage leverage edge edge edge edge benefit benefit benefit benefit gain gain gain gain profit profit profit profit reward reward reward reward resultant resultant resultant resultant dividend dividend dividend dividend proceeds proceeds proceeds proceeds return return return return yield yield yield yield increment increment increment increment appreciation appreciation appreciation appreciation growth growth growth growth advancement advancement advancement advancement progression progression progression progression development development development development expansion expansion expansion expansion escalation escalation escalation escalation amplification amplification amplification amplification enlargement enlargement enlargement enlargement increase increase increase increase augmentation augmentation augmentation augmentation multiplication multiplication multiplication multiplication maximization maximization maximization maximization optimization optimization optimization optimization enhancement enhancement enhancement enhancement improvement improvement improvement improvement uplift uplift uplift uplift boost boost boost boost promotion promotion promotion promotion elevation elevation elevation elevation lifting lifting lifting lifting raising raising raising raising raising hoisting hoisting hoisting hoisting upswing upswing upswing upswing uptick uptick uptick uptick turnaround turnaround turnaround turnaround rebound rebound rebound rebound revival revival revival revival resurgence resurgence resurgence resurgence recuperation recuperation recuperation recuperation recovery recovery recovery recovery restoration restoration restoration restoration rehabilitation rehabilitation rehabilitation rehabilitation reclamation reclamation reclamation reclamation restitution restitution restitution restitution renovation renovation renovation renovation remodeling remodeling remodeling remodeling refurbishment refurbishment refurbishment refurbishment overhaul overhaul overhaul overhaul update update update update refresh refresh refresh refresh reinvigorate reinvigorate reinvigorate reinvigorate revitalize revitalize revitalize revitalize regenerate regenerate regenerate regenerate revive revive revive revive awaken awaken awaken awaken reactivate reactivate reactivate reactivate reset reset reset reset restart restart restart restart recommission recommission recommission recommission recharge recharge recharge recharge energize energize energize energize empower empower empower empower liberate liberate liberate liberate free free free free release release release release discharge discharge discharge discharge unlock unlock unlock unlock unleash unleash unleash unleash let let let let loose loose loose loose loosen loosen loosen loosen ease ease ease ease alleviate alleviate alleviate alleviate mitigate mitigate mitigate mitigate lessen lessen lessen lessen diminish diminish diminish diminish decrease decrease decrease decrease reduce reduce reduce reduce soften soften soften soften attenuate attenuate attenuate attenuate temper temper temper temper normalize normalize normalize normalize stabilize stabilize stabilize stabilize equalize equalize equalize equalize harmonize harmonize harmonize harmonize reconcile reconcile reconcile reconcile align align align align integrate integrate integrate integrate synchronize synchronize synchronize synchronize balance balance balance balance modulate modulate modulate modulate calibrate calibrate calibrate calibrate fine-tune fine-tune fine-tune fine-tune tailor tailor tailor tailor customize customize customize customize personalize personalize personalize personalize specialize specialize specialize specialize adapt adapt adapt adapt modify modify modify modify alter alter alter alter reshape reshape reshape reshape transform transform transform transform convert convert convert convert transmute transmute transmute transmute transpose transpose transpose transpose switch switch switch switch flip flip flip flip reverse reverse reverse reverse invert invert invert invert redirect redirect redirect redirect reroute reroute reroute reroute relocate relocate relocate relocate reposition reposition reposition reposition move move move move shift shift shift shift slide slide slide slide glide glide glide glide drift drift drift drift float float float float sail sail sail sail cruise cruise cruise cruise voyage voyage voyage voyage journey journey journey journey trip trip trip trip expedition expedition expedition expedition trek trek trek trek traverse traverse traverse traverse roam roam roam roam wander wander wander wander explore explore explore explore investigate investigate investigate investigate probe probe probe probe 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authenticate authenticate authenticate authenticate corroborate corroborate corroborate corroborate substantiate substantiate substantiate substantiate prove prove prove prove demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate indicate indicate indicate indicate signify signify signify signify denote denote denote denote imply imply imply imply suggest suggest suggest suggest posit posit posit posit propose propose propose propose hypothesize hypothesize hypothesize hypothesize theorize theorize theorize theorize conclude conclude conclude conclude deduce deduce deduce deduce derive derive derive derive extrapolate extrapolate extrapolate extrapolate infer infer infer infer reason reason reason reason rationalize rationalize rationalize rationalize justify justify justify justify argue argue argue argue contend contend contend contend assert assert assert assert claim claim claim claim insist insist insist insist press press press press urge urge urge urge exhort exhort exhort exhort beseech beseech beseech beseech implore implore implore implore plead plead plead plead solicit solicit solicit solicit petition petition petition petition ask ask ask ask request request request request inquire inquire inquire inquire query query query query interrogate interrogate interrogate interrogates probe probe probe probe fish fish fish fish dig dig dig dig delve delve delve delve excavates excavates excavates excavates scour scour scour scour comb comb comb comb sift sift sift sift separate separate separate separate isolate isolate isolate isolate extract extract extract extract withdraw withdraw withdraw withdraw remove remove remove remove take take take take seize seize seize seize capture capture capture capture nab nab nab nab apprehend apprehend apprehend apprehend catch catch catch catch snag snag snag snag hook hook hook hook latch latch latch latch grab grab grab grab clasp clasp clasp clasp clutch clutch clutch clutch grasp grasp grasp grasp clutch clutch clutch clutch hold hold hold hold retain retain retain retain possess possess possess possess own own own own keep keep keep keep have have have have acquire acquire acquire acquire obtain obtain obtain obtain procure procure procure procure secure secure secure secure win win win win gain gain gain gain attain attain attain garner garner garner garner reap reap reap reap harvest harvest harvest harvest collect collect collect collect scoop scoop scoop scoop pluck pluck pluck pluck dredge dredge dredge dredge glean glean glean glean wrangle wrangle wrangle wrangle rope rope rope rope tether tether tether tether tie tie tie tie bind bind bind bind link link link link connect connect connect connect unite unite unite unite join join join join yoke yoke yoke yoke chain chain chain chain couple couple couple couple pair pair pair pair fuse fuse fuse fuse blend blend blend blend mix mix mix mix merge merge merge merge combine combine combine combine unify unify unify unify consolidate consolidate consolidate consolidate amalgamate amalgamate amalgamate amalgamate affiliate affiliate affiliate affiliate associate associate associate associate ally ally ally ally partner partner partner partner collaborate collaborate collaborate collaborate cooperate cooperate cooperate cooperate work work work work unite unite unite unite band band band band league league league league federation federation federation federation confederacy confederacy confederacy confederacy union union union union partnership partnership partnership partnership collaboration collaboration collaboration collaboration cooperation cooperation cooperation cooperation synergy synergy synergy synergy teamwork teamwork teamwork teamwork joint joint joint joint combined combined combined combined collective collective collective collective cooperative cooperative cooperative cooperative communal communal communal communal shared shared shared shared mutual mutual mutual mutual reciprocal reciprocal reciprocal reciprocal common common common common united united united united allied allied allied allied integrated integrated integrated integrated inclusive inclusive inclusive inclusive harmonious harmonious harmonious harmonious unified unified unified unified cohesive cohesive cohesive cohesive coordinated coordinated coordinated coordinated organized organized organized organized structured structured structured structured systematic systematic systematic systematic orderly orderly orderly orderly methodical methodical methodical methodical procedural procedural procedural procedural regimented regimented regimented regimented disciplined disciplined disciplined disciplined controlled controlled controlled controlled managed managed managed managed supervised supervised supervised supervised overseen overseen overseen overseen regulated regulated regulated regulated governed governed governed governed ruled ruled ruled ruled dominated dominated dominated dominated dictated dictated dictated dictated commanded commanded commanded commanded led led led led steered steered steered steered directed directed directed directed navigational navigational navigational navigational guiding guiding guiding guiding shepherd shepherd shepherd shepherd piloting piloting piloting piloting conducting conducting conducting conducting orchestrating orchestrating orchestrating orchestrating leading leading leading leading captaining captaining captaining captaining heading heading heading heading chair chair chair chair president president president president vice president vice president vice president vice president executive executive executive executive officer officer officer officer director director director director manager manager manager manager supervisor supervisor supervisor supervisor facilitator facilitator facilitator facilitator host host host host coordinator coordinator coordinator coordinator organizer organizer organizer organizer planner planner planner planner architect architect architect architect designer designer designer designer engineer engineer engineer engineer craftsman craftsman craftsman craftsman technician technician technician technician artisan artisan artisan artisan specialist specialist specialist specialist expert expert expert expert professional professional professional professional consultant consultant consultant consultant adviser adviser adviser adviser guru guru guru guru sage sage sage sage master master master master mentor mentor mentor mentor teacher teacher teacher teacher trainer trainer trainer trainer instructor instructor instructor instructor lecturer lecturer lecturer lecturer professor professor professor professor educator educator educator educator tutor tutor tutor tutor coach coach coach coach leader leader leader leader facilitator facilitator facilitator facilitator supporter supporter supporter supporter sponsor sponsor sponsor sponsor promoter promoter promoter promoter backer backer backer backer benefactor benefactor benefactor benefactor patron patron patron patron angel angel angel angel vanguard vanguard vanguard vanguard torchbearer torchbearer torchbearer torchbearer pioneer pioneer pioneer pioneer pathfinder pathfinder pathfinder pathfinder explorer explorer explorer explorer adventurer adventurer adventurer adventurer voyager voyager voyager voyager traveler traveler traveler traveler wanderer wanderer wanderer wanderer nomad nomad nomad nomad gypsy gypsy gypsy gypsy wayfarer wayfarer wayfarer wayfarer drifter drifter drifter drifter rover rover rover rover rambler rambler rambler rambler sojourner sojourner sojourner sojourner itinerant itinerant itinerant itinerant vagabond vagabond vagabond vagabond crusader crusader crusader crusader activist activist activist activist reformist reformist reformist reformist revolutionary revolutionary revolutionary revolutionary insurgent insurgent insurgent insurgent dissenter dissenter dissenter dissenter advocate advocate advocate advocate defender defender defender defender protector protector protector protector savior savior savior savior guardian guardian guardian guardian sentinel sentinel sentinel sentinel watcher watcher watcher watcher observer observer observer observer witness witness witness witness eyewitness eyewitness eyewitness eyewitness spectator spectator spectator spectator viewer viewer viewer viewer onlooker onlooker onlooker onlooker passerby passerby passerby passerby audience audience audience audience crowd crowd crowd crowd throng throng throng throng gathering gathering gathering gathering assembly assembly assembly assembly congregation congregation congregation congregation multitude multitude multitude multitude swarm swarm swarm swarm flock flock flock flock herd herd herd herd pack pack pack pack troop troop troop troop clan clan clan clan tribe tribe tribe tribe nation nation nation nation race race race race people people people people humanity humanity humanity humanity humankind humankind humankind humankind citizenship citizenship citizenship citizenship nationality nationality nationality nationality ethnicity ethnicity ethnicity ethnicity culture culture culture culture civilization civilization civilization civilization society society society society community community community community social social social social cultural cultural cultural cultural historical historical historical historical anthropological anthropological anthropological anthropological sociological sociological sociological sociological demographic demographic demographic demographic geographic geographic geographic geographic regional regional regional regional national national national national global global global global international international international international planetary planetary planetary planetary cosmopolitan cosmopolitan cosmopolitan cosmopolitan universal universal universal universal worldly worldly worldly worldly earthly earthly earthly earthly terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial human human human human mortal mortal mortal mortal corporeal corporeal corporeal corporeal physical physical physical physical bodily bodily bodily bodily tangible tangible tangible tangible material material material material substantial substantial substantial substantial solid solid solid solid concrete concrete concrete concrete palpable palpable palpable palpable touchable touchable touchable touchable perceivable perceivable perceivable perceivable sensory sensory sensory sensory experiential experiential experiential experiential firsthand firsthand firsthand firsthand practical practical practical practical pragmatic pragmatic pragmatic pragmatic applied applied applied applied realistic realistic realistic realistic actual actual actual actual factual factual factual factual verifiable verifiable verifiable verifiable demonstrable demonstrable demonstrable demonstrable observable observable observable observable measurable measurable measurable measurable quantifiable quantifiable quantifiable quantifiable calculable calculable calculable calculable document documnt document document record record record record account account account account statement statement statement statement transcript transcript transcript transcript manuscript manuscript manuscript manuscript file file file file log log log log journal journal journal journal diary diary diary diary note note note note report report report report paper paper paper paper article article article article essay essay essay essay treatise treatise treatise treatise thesis thesis thesis thesis dissertation dissertation dissertation dissertation memoir memoir memoir memoir autobiography autobiography autobiography autobiography biography biography biography biography biography book book book book publication publication publication publication print print print print edition edition edition edition issue issue issue issue volume volume volume volume series series series series collection collection collection collection compendium compendium compendium compendium anthology anthology anthology anthology portfolio portfolio portfolio portfolio dossier dossier dossier dossier archive archive archive archive library library library library database database database database repository repository repository repository vault vault vault vault treasury treasury treasury treasury mine mine mine mine quarry quarry quarry quarry extraction extraction extraction extraction excavation excavation excavation excavation digging digging digging digging boring boring boring boring drilling drilling drilling drilling tunneling tunneling tunneling tunneling shaft shaft shaft shaft pit pit pit pit hole hole hole hole cavity cavity cavity cavity crevice crevice crevice crevice gorge gorge gorge gorge canyon canyon canyon canyon ravine ravine ravine ravine valley valley valley valley basin basin basin basin depression depression depression depression sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole pool pool pool pool pond pond pond pond lake lake lake lake sea sea sea sea ocean ocean ocean ocean gulf gulf gulf gulf bay bay bay bay estuary estuary estuary estuary marsh marsh marsh marsh swamp swamp swamp swamp bog bog bog bog fen fen fen fen wetland wetland wetland wetland habitat habitat habitat habitat ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem biome biome biome biome flora flora flora flora fauna fauna fauna fauna wildlife wildlife wildlife wildlife animal animal animal animal species species species species genus genus genus genus family family family family kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom classification classification classification classification taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity richness richness richness richness diversity diversity diversity diversity variability variability variability variability variation variation variation variation heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity conformity conformity conformity conformity similarity similarity similarity similarity resemblance resemblance resemblance resemblance analogy analogy analogy analogy comparison comparison comparison comparison contrast contrast contrast contrast difference difference difference difference divergence divergence divergence divergence disparity disparity disparity disparity gap gap gap gap divide divide divide divide schism schism schism schism fracture fracture fracture fracture rupture rupture rupture rupture separation separation separation separation partition partition partition partition split split split split disunion disunion disunion disunion discord discord discord discord disharmony disharmony disharmony disharmony conflict conflict conflict conflict contention contention contention contention strife strife strife strife dispute dispute dispute dispute quarrel quarrel quarrel quarrel argument argument argument argument disagreement disagreement disagreement disagreement variance variance variance variance inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency incongruity incongruity incongruity incongruity anomaly anomaly anomaly anomaly aberration aberration aberration aberration deviation deviation deviation deviation divergence divergence divergence divergence discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy irregular irregular irregular irregular abnormal abnormal abnormal abnormal unusual unusual unusual unusual atypical atypical atypical atypical peculiar peculiar peculiar peculiar odd odd odd odd eccentric eccentric eccentric eccentric uncommon uncommon uncommon uncommon rare rare rare rare scarce scarce scarce scarce infrequent infrequent infrequent infrequent sporadic sporadic sporadic sporadic occasional occasional occasional occasional periodic periodic periodic periodic recurrent recurrent recurrent recurrent returning returning returning returning recurring recurring recurring recurring repeating repeating repeating repeating reiterative reiterative reiterative reiterative iterative iterative iterative iterative cyclical cyclical cyclical cyclical rotational rotational rotational rotational revolving revolving revolving revolving circular circular circular circular spiral spiral spiral spiral twisting twisting twisting twisting rotating rotating rotating rotating turning turning turning turning bending bending bending bending flex flex flex flex curl curl curl curl coil coil coil coil loop loop loop loop arc arc arc arc curve curve curve curve wave wave wave wave ripple ripple ripple ripple undulate undulate undulate undulate oscillates oscillates oscillates oscillates fluctuate fluctuate fluctuate fluctuate vacillates vacillates vacillates vacillates ebb ebb ebb ebb flow flow flow flow tide tide tide tide current current current current rush rush rush rush cascade cascade cascade cascade surge surge surge surge avalanche avalanche avalanche avalanche landslide landslide landslide landslide debris debris debris debris rubble rubble rubble rubble wreckage wreckage wreckage wreckage ruins ruins ruins ruins trash trash trash trash garbage garbage garbage garbage waste waste waste waste refuse refuse refuse refuse litter litter litter litter dross dross dross dross junk junk junk junk scrap scrap scrap scrap detritus detritus detritus detritus remnants remnants remnants remnants fragments fragments fragments fragments scraps scraps scraps scraps shards shards shards shards pieces pieces pieces pieces bits bits bits bits particles particles particles particles granules granules granules granules crumbs crumbs crumbs crumbs dust dust dust dust powder powder powder powder ashes ashes ashes ashes soot soot soot soot residue residue residue residue flotsam flotsam flotsam flotsam jetsam jetsam jetsam jetsam dregs dregs dregs dregs leftovers leftovers leftovers leftovers odds odds odds odds ends ends ends ends leavings leavings leavings leavings remainder remainder remainder remainder surplus surplus surplus surplus excess excess excess excess overflow overflow overflow overflow superfluous superfluous superfluous superfluous redundant redundant redundant redundant surplus surplus surplus surplus additional additional additional additional supplementary supplementary supplementary supplementary incremental incremental incremental incremental additive additive additive additive auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary adjunct adjunct adjunct adjunct complement complement complement complement extra extra extra extra plus plus plus plus bonus bonus bonus bonus premium premium premium premium perk perk perk perk gift gift gift gift added added added added ancillary ancillary ancillary ancillary peripheral peripheral peripheral peripheral marginal marginal marginal marginal incidental incidental incidental incidental secondary secondary secondary secondary subordinate subordinate subordinate subordinate minor minor minor minor trivial trivial trivial trivial negligible negligible negligible negligible insignificant insignificant insignificant insignificant immaterial immaterial immaterial immaterial irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant unimportant unimportant unimportant unimportant inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential dismissive dismissive dismissive dismissive belittling belittling belittling belittling derogatory derogatory derogatory derogatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory disparaging disparaging disparaging disparaging scornful scornful scornful scornful contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous disdainful disdainful disdainful disdainful insulting insulting insulting insulting offensive offensive offensive offensive rude rude rude rude impolite impolite impolite impolite discourteous discourteous discourteous discourteous abrasive abrasive abrasive abrasive harsh harsh harsh harsh rough rough rough rough severe severe severe severe stern stern stern stern strict strict strict strict cruel cruel cruel cruel brutal brutal brutal brutal savage savage savage savage vicious vicious vicious vicious merciless merciless merciless merciless ruthless ruthless ruthless ruthless callous callous callous callous unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving insensitive insensitive insensitive insensitive indifferent indifferent indifferent indifferent apathetic apathetic apathetic apathetic detached detached detached detached aloof aloof aloof aloof remote remote remote remote distant distant distant distant faraway faraway faraway faraway separated separated separated separated isolated isolated isolated isolated segregated segregated segregated segregated partitioned partitioned partitioned partitioned cut off cut off cut off cut off excluded excluded excluded excluded left out left out left out left out marginalized marginalized marginalized marginalized sidelined sidelined sidelined sidelined overlooked overlooked overlooked overlooked neglected neglected neglected neglected disregarded disregarded disregarded disregarded ignored ignored ignored ignored unacknowledged unacknowledged unacknowledged unacknowledged unseen unseen unseen unseen unheard unheard unheard unheard unloved unloved unloved unloved unwanted unwanted unwanted unwanted rejected rejected rejected rejected dismissed dismissed dismissed dismissed shunned shunned shunned shunned banished banished banished banished exiled exiled exiled exiled ostracized ostracized ostracized ostracized isolated isolated isolated isolated alone alone alone alone solitary solitary solitary solitary lonely lonely lonely lonely desolate desolate desolate desolate forlorn forlorn forlorn forlorn abandoned abandoned abandoned abandoned forsaken forsaken forsaken forsaken lost lost lost lost wandering wandering wandering wandering drifting drifting drifting drifting roaming roaming roaming roaming searching searching searching searching yearning yearning yearning yearning longing longing longing longing seeking seeking seeking seeking craving craving craving craving wanting wanting wanting wanting wishing wishing wishing wishing hoping hoping hoping hoping dreaming dreaming dreaming dreaming aspiring aspiring aspiring aspiring desiring desiring desiring desiring aiming aiming aiming aiming targeting targeting targeting targeting focusing focusing focusing focusing centering centering centering centering directing directing directing directing guiding guiding guiding guiding leading leading leading leading showing showing showing showing revealing revealing revealing revealing exposing exposing exposing exposing disclosing disclosing disclosing disclosing unveiling unveiling unveiling unveiling uncovering uncovering uncovering uncovering laying bare laying bare laying bare laying bare clarifying clarifying clarifying clarifying elucidating elucidating elucidating elucidating illuminating illuminating illuminating illuminating shedding light shedding light shedding light shedding light bringing to light bringing to light bringing to light bringing to light highlighting highlighting highlighting highlighting emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing accentuating accentuating accentuating accentuating underscoring underscoring underscoring underscoring stressing stressing stressing stressing pointing out pointing out pointing out pointing out indicating indicating indicating indicating signifying signifying signifying signifying marking marking marking marking tagging tagging tagging tagging labeling labeling labeling labeling cataloging cataloging cataloging cataloging classifying classifying classifying classifying organizing organizing organizing organizing sorting sorting sorting sorting arranging arranging arranging arranging systematizing systematizing systematizing systematizing structuring structuring structuring structuring shaping shaping shaping shaping molding molding molding molding forming forming forming forming fashioning fashioning fashioning fashioning creating creating creating creating producing producing producing producing generating generating generating generating synthesizing synthesizing synthesizing synthesizing constructing constructing constructing constructing building building building building erecting erecting erecting erecting establishing establishing establishing establishing founding founding founding founding initiating initiating initiating initiating launching launching launching launching kicking kicking kicking kicking starting starting starting starting commencing commencing commencing commencing activating activating activating activating triggering triggering triggering triggering sparking sparking sparking sparking stimulating stimulating stimulating stimulating energizing energizing energizing energizing motivating motivating motivating motivating inspiring inspiring inspiring inspiring igniting igniting igniting igniting fanning fanning fanning fanning fueling fueling fueling fueling nurturing nurturing nurturing nurturing cultivating cultivating cultivating cultivating fostering fostering fostering fostering encouraging encouraging encouraging encouraging supporting supporting supporting supporting aiding aiding aiding aiding helping helping helping helping assisting assisting assisting assisting facilitating facilitating facilitating facilitating enabling enabling enabling enabling empowering empowering empowering empowering liberating liberating liberating liberating freeing freeing freeing freeing releasing releasing releasing releasing unshackling unshackling unshackling unshackling unleashing unleashing unleashing unleashing setting free setting free setting free setting free letting go letting go letting go letting go casting away casting away casting away casting away breaking breaking breaking breaking shattering shattering shattering shattering demolishing demolishing demolishing demolishing dismantling dismantling dismantling dismantling tearing down tearing down tearing down tearing down ripping ripping ripping ripping cutting cutting cutting cutting clipping clipping clipping clipping snipping snipping snipping snipping truncating truncating truncating truncating slicing slicing slicing slicing hacking hacking hacking hacking whittling whittling whittling whittling chipping chipping chipping chipping razoring razoring razoring razoring shaving shaving shaving shaving scraping scraping scraping scraping rubbing rubbing rubbing rubbing polishing polishing polishing polishing buffing buffing buffing buffing smoothing smoothing smoothing smoothing refining refining refining refining honing honing honing honing perfecting perfecting perfecting perfecting upgrading upgrading upgrading upgrading amplifying amplifying amplifying amplifying enhancing enhancing enhancing enhancing enriching enriching enriching enriching augmenting augmenting augmenting augmenting elevating elevating elevating elevating boosting boosting boosting boosting lifting lifting lifting lifting raising raising raising raising promoting promoting promoting promoting advancing advancing advancing advancing progressing progressing progressing progressing moving forward moving forward moving forward moving forward pushing pushing pushing pushing driving driving driving driving propelling propelling propelling propelling steering steering steering steering navigating navigating navigating navigating charting charting charting charting piloting piloting piloting piloting conducting conducting conducting conducting orchestrating orchestrating orchestrating orchestrating leading leading leading leading directing directing directing directing commanding commanding commanding commanding managing managing managing managing overseeing overseeing overseeing overseeing supervising supervising supervising supervising coordinating coordinating coordinating coordinating collaborating collaborating collaborating collaborating partnering partnering partnering partnering working working working working teaming teaming teaming teaming joining joining joining joining aligning aligning aligning aligning integrating integrating integrating integrating merging merging merging merging combining combining combining combining consolidating consolidating consolidating consolidating uniting uniting uniting uniting associating associating associating associating linking linking linking linking connecting connecting connecting connecting binding binding binding binding tying tying tying tying chaining chaining chaining chaining coupling coupling coupling coupling fusing fusing fusing fusing blending blending blending roofing company blending mixing mixing mixing mixing amalgamating amalgamating amalgamating amalgamating coalescing coalescing coalescing coalescing aggregating aggregating aggregating aggregating clustering clustering clustering clustering gathering gathering gathering gathering assembling assembling assembling assembling compiling compiling compiling compiling colluding colluding colluding colluding bandying bandying bandying bandying conveneing conveneing conveneing conveneing summoning summoning summoning summoning calling calling calling calling invoking invoking invoking invoking appealing appealing appealing appealing petitionig petitionig petitionig petitionig beseechng beseechng beseechng beseechng implore implore implore implore urging urging urging urging exhortation exhortation exhortation exhortation encouragement encouragement encouragement encouragement support support support support backing backing backing backing endorsment endorsment endorsment endorsment advocacy advocacy advocacy advocacy patronage patronage patronage patronage sponsorship sponsorship sponsorship sponsorship fostering fostering fostering fostering cherishing cherishing cherishing cherishing valuably valuably valuably valuably appreciating appreciating appreciating appreciating esteeming esteeming esteeming esteeming honoring honoring honoring honoring respecting respecting respecting respecting recognizing recognizing recognizing recognizing acknowledging acknowledging acknowledging acknowledging validating validating validating validating affirmatively affirmatively affirmatively affirmatively certifiably certifiably certifiably certifiably confirming confirming confirming confirming corroboratively corroboratively corroboratively corroboratively substantiatively substantiatively substantiatively substantiatively demonstrating demonstrating demonstrating demonstrating illustrating illustrating illustrating illustrating evidencing evidencing evidencing evidencing witnessing witnessing witnessing witnessing testifiyng testifiyng testifiyng testifiyng verifying verifying verifying verifying showcasing showcasing showcasing showcasing exemplifying exemplifying exemplifying exemplifying representing representing representing representing displaying displaying displaying displaying manifestly manifestly manifestly manifestly exhibiting exhibiting exhibiting exhibiting presenting presenting presenting presenting promoting promoting promoting promoting advocating advocating advocating advocating champion champion champion champion sponsoring sponsoring sponsoring sponsoring back backing backing backing protecting protecting protecting protecting shielding shielding shielding shielding defending defending defending defending safeguarding safeguarding safeguarding safeguarding ensuring ensuring ensuring ensuring securing securing securing securing maintaining maintaining maintaining maintaining preserving preserving preserving preserving saving saving saving saving holding holding holding holding retaining retaining retaining retaining keeping keeping keeping keeping guarding guarding guarding guarding watching watching watching watching monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring surveying surveying surveying surveying scrutinising scrutinising scrutinising scrutinising inspecting inspecting inspecting inspecting examining examining examining examining analyzing analyzing analyzing analyzing assessing assessing assessing assessing appraising appraising appraising appraising evaluating evaluating evaluating evaluating measuring measuring measuring measuring weighing weighing weighing weighing calculating calculating calculating calculating documenting documenting documenting documenting recording recording recording recording logging logging logging logging filing filing filing filing tracing tracing tracing tracing archiving archiving archiving archiving indexing indexing indexing indexing cataloguing cataloguing cataloguing cataloguing collecting collecting collecting collecting amassing amassing amassing amassing accumulating accumulating accumulating accumulating garner garner garner garner reaping reaping reaping reaping harvesting harvesting harvesting harvesting gleanings gleanings gleanings gleanings scooping scooping scooping scooping extracting extracting extracting extracting pulling pulling pulling pulling withdrawing withdrawing withdrawing withdrawing taking taking taking taking removing removing removing removing seizing seizing seizing seizing capturing capturing capturing capturing nabbing nabbing nabbing nabbing snatching snatching snatching snatching grabbing grabbing grabbing grabbing clutch clutch clutch clutch clutch clasp clasp clasp clasp holding holding holding holding embracing embracing embracing embracing hugging hugging hugging hugging enclosing enclosing enclosing enclosing grasp grasp grasp grasp clasp clasp clasp clasp clenching clenching clenching clenching tightening tightening tightening tightening securing securing securing securing fastening fastening fastening fastening anchoring anchoring anchoring anchoring latching latching latching latching bolting bolting bolting bolting screwing screwing screwing screwing pinning pinning pinning pinning stitching stitching stitching stitching sewing sewing sewing sewing weaving weaving weaving weaving knitting knitting knitting knitting crocheting crocheting crocheting crocheting embroider embroider embroider embroider embellish embellish embellish embellish adorning adorning adorning adorning decorating decorating decorating decorating ornament ornament ornament ornament beautify beautify beautify beautify enhance enhance enhance enhance enrich enrich enrich enrich upgrading upgrading upgrading upgrading improving improving improving improving perfect perfection perfection perfection excellence excellence excellence excellence distinction distinction distinction distinction superiority superiority superiority superiority primacy primacy primacy primacy preeminence preeminence preeminence preeminence characterization characterization characterization characterization classification classification classification classification categorization categorization categorization categorization typification typification typification typification delineation delineation delineation delineation specification specification specification specification description description description description portrayal portrayal portrayal portrayal representation representation representation representation depiction depiction depiction depiction illustration illustration illustration illustration rendering rendering rendering rendering exhibition exhibition exhibition exhibition display display display display showcase showcase showcase showcase demonstration demonstration demonstration demonstration performance performance performance performance recount recount recount recount narrate narrate narrate narrate chronicle chronicle chronicle chronicle document document document document record record record record account account account account statement statement statement statement transcript transcript transcript transcript manuscript manuscript manuscript manuscript file file file file log log log log journal journal journal journal diary diary diary diary note note note note report report report report paper paper paper paper article article article article essay essay essay essay treatise treatise treatise treatise thesis thesis thesis thesis dissertation dissertation dissertation dissertation memoir memoir memoir memoir autobiography autobiography autobiography autobiography biography biography biography biography book book book book publication publication publication publication print print print print edition edition edition edition issue issue issue issue volume volume volume volume series series series series collection collection collection collection compendium compendium compendium compendium anthology anthology anthology anthology portfolio portfolio portfolio portfolio dossier dossier dossier dossier archive archive archive archive library library library library database database database database repository repository repository repository vault vault vault vault treasury treasury treasury treasury mine mine mine mine quarry quarry quarry quarry extraction extraction extraction extraction excavation excavation excavation excavation digging digging digging digging boring boring boring boring drilling drilling drilling drilling tunneling tunneling tunneling tunneling shaft shaft shaft shaft pit pit pit pit hole hole hole hole cavity cavity cavity cavity crevice crevice crevice crevice gorge gorge gorge gorge canyon canyon canyon canyon ravine ravine ravine ravine valley valley valley valley basin basin basin basin depression depression depression depression sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole pool pool pool pool pond pond pond pond lake lake lake lake sea sea sea sea ocean ocean ocean ocean gulf gulf gulf gulf bay bay bay bay estuary estuary estuary estuary marsh marsh marsh marsh swamp swamp swamp swamp bog bog bog bog fen fen fen fen wetland wetland wetland wetland habitat habitat habitat habitat ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem biome biome biome biome flora flora flora flora fauna fauna fauna fauna wildlife wildlife wildlife wildlife animal animal animal animal species species species species genus genus genus genus family family family family kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom classification classification classification classification taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity richness richness richness richness diversity diversity diversity diversity variability variability variability variability variation variation variation variation heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity conformity conformity conformity conformity similarity similarity similarity similarity resemblance resemblance resemblance resemblance analogy analogy analogy analogy comparison comparison comparison comparison contrast contrast contrast contrast difference difference difference difference divergence divergence divergence divergence disparity disparity disparity disparity gap gap gap gap divide divide divide divide schism schism schism schism fracture fracture fracture fracture rupture rupture rupture rupture separation separation separation separation partition partition partition partition split split split split disunion disunion disunion disunion discord discord discord discord disharmony disharmony disharmony disharmony conflict conflict conflict conflict contention contention contention contention strife strife strife strife dispute dispute dispute dispute quarrel quarrel quarrel quarrel argument argument argument argument disagreement disagreement disagreement disagreement variance variance variance variance inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency incongruity incongruity incongruity incongruity anomaly anomaly anomaly anomaly aberration aberration aberration aberration deviation deviation deviation deviation divergence divergence divergence divergence discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy irregular irregular irregular irregular abnormal abnormal abnormal abnormal unusual unusual unusual unusual atypical atypical atypical atypical peculiar peculiar peculiar peculiar odd odd odd odd eccentric eccentric eccentric eccentric uncommon uncommon uncommon uncommon rare rare rare rare scarce scarce scarce scarce infrequent infrequent infrequent infrequent sporadic sporadic sporadic sporadic occasional occasional occasional occasional periodic periodic periodic periodic recurrent recurrent recurrent recurrent returning returning returning returning recurring recurring recurring recurring repeating repeating repeating repeating reiterative reiterative reiterative reiterative iterative iterative iterative iterative cyclical cyclical cyclical cyclical rotational rotational rotational rotational revolving revolving revolving revolving circular circular circular circular spiral spiral spiral spiral twisting twisting twisting twisting rotating rotating rotating rotating turning turning turning turning bending bending bending bending flex flex flex flex curl curl curl curl coil coil coil coil loop loop loop loop arc arc arc arc curve curve curve curve wave wave wave wave ripple ripple ripple ripple undulate undulate undulate undulate oscillates oscillates oscillates oscillates fluctuate fluctuate fluctuate fluctuate vacillates vacillates vacillates vacillates ebb ebb ebb ebb flow flow flow flow tide tide tide tide current current current current rush rush rush rush cascade cascade cascade cascade surge surge surge surge avalanche avalanche avalanche avalanche landslide landslide landslide landslide debris debris debris debris rubble rubble rubble rubble wreckage wreckage wreckage wreckage ruins ruins ruins ruins trash trash trash trash garbage garbage garbage garbage waste waste waste waste refuse refuse refuse refuse litter litter litter litter dross dross dross dross junk junk junk junk scrap scrap scrap scrap detritus detritus detritus detritus remnants remnants remnants remnants fragments fragments fragments fragments scraps scraps scraps scraps shards shards shards shards pieces pieces pieces pieces bits bits bits bits particles particles particles particles granules granules granules granules crumbs crumbs crumbs crumbs dust dust dust dust powder powder powder powder ashes ashes ashes ashes soot soot soot soot residue residue residue residue flotsam flotsam flotsam flotsam jetsam jetsam jetsam jetsam dregs dregs dregs dregs leftovers leftovers leftovers leftovers odds odds odds odds ends ends ends ends leavings leavings leavings leavings remainder remainder remainder remainder surplus surplus surplus surplus excess excess excess excess overflow overflow overflow overflow superfluous superfluous superfluous superfluous redundant redundant redundant redundant surplus surplus surplus surplus additional additional additional additional supplementary supplementary supplementary supplementary incremental incremental incremental incremental additive additive additive additive auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary adjunct adjunct adjunct adjunct complement complement complement complement extra extra extra extra plus plus plus plus bonus bonus bonus bonus premium premium premium premium perk perk perk perk gift gift gift gift added added added added ancillary ancillary ancillary ancillary peripheral peripheral peripheral peripheral marginal marginal marginal marginal incidental incidental incidental incidental secondary secondary secondary secondary subordinate subordinate subordinate subordinate minor minor minor minor trivial trivial trivial trivial negligible negligible negligible negligible insignificant insignificant insignificant insignificant immaterial immaterial immaterial immaterial irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant unimportant unimportant unimportant unimportant inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential dismissive dismissive dismissive dismissive belittling belittling belittling belittling derogatory derogatory derogatory derogatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory disparaging disparaging disparaging disparaging scornful scornful scornful scornful contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous disdainful disdainful disdainful disdainful insulting insulting insulting insulting offensive offensive offensive offensive rude rude rude rude impolite impolite impolite impolite discourteous discourteous discourteous discourteous abrasive abrasive abrasive abrasive harsh harsh harsh harsh rough rough rough rough severe severe severe severe stern stern stern stern strict strict strict strict cruel cruel cruel cruel brutal brutal brutal brutal savage savage savage savage vicious vicious vicious vicious merciless merciless merciless merciless ruthless ruthless ruthless ruthless callous callous callous callous unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving insensitive insensitive insensitive insensitive indifferent indifferent indifferent indifferent apathetic apathetic apathetic apathetic detached detached detached detached aloof aloof aloof aloof remote remote remote remote distant distant distant distant faraway faraway faraway faraway separated separated separated separated isolated isolated isolated isolated segregated segregated segregated segregated alienated alienated alienated alienated disconnected disconnected disconnected disconnected estranged estranged estranged estranged distanced distanced distanced distanced removed removed removed removed displaced displaced displaced displaced uprooted uprooted uprooted uprooted scattered scattered scattered scattered dispersed dispersed dispersed dispersed fragmented fragmented fragmented fragmented broken broken broken broken shattered shattered shattered shattered smashed smashed smashed smashed crushed crushed crushed crushed demolished demolished demolished demolished ruined ruined ruined ruined wrecked wrecked wrecked wrecked decimated decimated decimated decimated annihilated annihilated annihilated annihilated eradicated eradicated eradicated eradicated obliterated obliterated obliterated obliterated erased erased erased erased canceled canceled canceled canceled voided voided voided voided nullified nullified nullified nullified invalid invalid invalid invalid rendered rendered rendered rendered useless useless useless useless ineffective ineffective ineffective ineffective ineffectual ineffectual ineffectual ineffectual futile futile futile futile pointless pointless pointless pointless vain vain vain vain hopeless hopeless hopeless hopeless helpless helpless helpless helpless powerless powerless powerless powerless incapacitated incapacitated incapacitated incapacitated paralyzed paralyzed paralyzed paralyzed immobilized immobilized immobilized immobilized restrained restrained restrained restrained limited limited limited limited confined confined confined confined restricted restricted restricted restricted bounded bounded bounded bounded constrained constrained constrained constrained shackled shackled shackled shackled tied tied tied tied bound bound bound bound fastened fastened fastened fastened secured secured secured secured locked locked locked locked sealed sealed sealed sealed hidden hidden hidden hidden concealed concealed concealed concealed covered covered covered covered masked masked masked masked camouflaged camouflaged camouflaged camouflaged shrouded shrouded shrouded shrouded cloaked cloaked cloaked cloaked veiled veiled veiled veiled wrapped wrapped wrapped wrapped enwrapped enwrapped enwrapped enwrapped enveloped enveloped enveloped enveloped encased encased encased encased cased cased cased cased boxed boxed boxed boxed packed packed packed packed laden laden laden laden burdened burdened burdened burdened freight freight freight freight loaded loaded loaded loaded stacked stacked stacked stacked piled piled piled piled heaped heaped heaped heaped amassed amassed amassed amassed clustered clustered clustered clustered gathered gathered gathered gathered collected collected collected collected hoarded hoarded hoarded hoarded reserved reserved reserved reserved stored stored stored stored saved saved saved saved locked away locked away locked away locked away shelved shelved shelved shelved archived archived archived archived retained retained retained retained documented documented documented documented recorded recorded recorded recorded logged logged logged logged traced traced traced traced monitored monitored monitored monitored surveilled surveilled surveilled surveilled inspected inspected inspected inspected examined examined examined examined assessed assessed assessed assessed evaluated evaluated evaluated evaluated reviewed reviewed reviewed reviewed analyzed analyzed analyzed analyzed studied studied studied studied explored explored explored explored inquired inquired inquired inquired probed probed probed probed interrogated interrogated interrogated interrogated questioned questioned questioned questioned grilled grilled grilled grilled quizzed quizzed quizzed quizzed cross-examined cross-examined cross-examined cross-examined challenged challenged challenged challenged debated debated debated debated disputed disputed disputed disputed contested contested contested contested argued argued argued argued reason reason reason reason rationalize rationalize rationalize rationalize justify justify justify justify assert assert assert assert claim claim claim claim insist insist insist insist press press press press urge urge urge urge exhort exhort exhort exhort entreat entreat entreat entreat plead plead plead plead solicit solicit solicit solicit petition petition petition petition ask ask ask ask request request request request inquire inquire inquire inquire probe probe probe probe dig dig dig dig delve delve delve delve excavate excavate excavate excavate search search search search scout scout scout scout hunt hunt hunt hunt chase chase chase chase pursue pursue pursue pursue follow follow follow follow track track track track trail trail trail trail stalk stalk stalk stalk shadow shadow shadow shadow monitor monitor monitor monitor observe observe observe observe witness witness witness witness see see see see behold behold behold behold watch watch watch watch view view view view glimpse glimpse glimpse glimpse peek peek peek peek scan scan scan scan inspect inspect inspect inspect analyze analyze analyze analyze evaluate evaluate evaluate evaluate assess assess assess assess appraise appraise appraise appraise quantify quantify quantify quantify measure measure measure measure weigh weigh weigh weigh gauge gauge gauge gauge size size size size determine determine determine determine ascertain ascertain ascertain ascertain verify verify verify verify confirm confirm confirm confirm validate validate validate validate substantiate substantiate substantiate substantiate prove prove prove prove demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate indicate indicate indicate indicate signify signify signify signify denote denote denote denote imply imply imply imply suggest suggest suggest suggest posit posit posit posit propose propose propose propose hypothesize hypothesize hypothesize hypothesize theorize theorize theorize theorize conclude conclude conclude conclude deduce deduce deduce deduce derive derive derive derive extrapolate extrapolate extrapolate extrapolate infer infer infer infer reason reason reason reason rationalize rationalize rationalize rationalize justify justify justify justify argue argue argue argue contend contend contend contend assert assert assert assert claim claim claim claim insist insist insist insist press press press press urge urge urge urge exhort exhort exhort exhort beseech beseech beseech beseech implore implore implore implore plead plead plead plead solicit solicit solicit solicit petition petition petition petition ask ask ask ask request request request request inquire inquire inquire inquire query query query query interrogate interrogate interrogate interrogate probe probe probe probe fish fish fish fish dig dig dig dig delve delve delve delve excavates excavates excavates excavates scour scour scour scour comb comb comb comb sift sift sift sift separate separate separate separate isolate isolate isolate isolate extract extract extract extract withdraw withdraw withdraw withdraw remove remove remove remove take take take take seize seize seize seize capture capture capture capture nab nab nab nab apprehend apprehend apprehend apprehend catch catch catch catch snag snag snag snag hook hook hook hook latch latch latch latch grab grab grab grab clasp clasp clasp clasp clutch clutch clutch clutch grasp grasp grasp grasp hold hold hold hold retain retain retain retain possess possess possess possess own own own own keep keep keep keep have have 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coordinate coordinate facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate enable enable enable enable assist assist assist assist aid aid aid aid help help help help support support support support advocate advocate advocate advocate promote promote promote promote endorse endorse endorse endorse back back back back sponsor sponsor sponsor sponsor champion champion champion champion defend defend defend defend protect protect protect protect safeguard safeguard safeguard safeguard shield shield shield shield fort fort fort fort wall wall wall wall barrier barrier barrier barrier fence fence fence fence barricade barricade barricade barricade blockade blockade blockade blockade obstruction obstruction obstruction obstruction hindrance hindrance hindrance hindrance impediment impediment impediment impediment complication complication complication complication difficulty difficulty difficulty difficulty challenge challenge challenge challenge trial trial trial trial tribulation tribulation tribulation tribulation adversity adversity adversity adversity hardship hardship hardship hardship struggle struggle struggle struggle strain strain strain strain exertion exertion exertion exertion labor labor labor labor toil toil toil toil effort effort effort effort work work work work energy energy energy energy power power power power force force force force vigor vigor vigor vigor vitality vitality vitality vitality liveliness liveliness liveliness liveliness dynamism dynamism dynamism dynamism zeal zeal zeal zeal passion passion passion passion enthusiasm enthusiasm enthusiasm enthusiasm fervor fervor fervor fervor intensity intensity intensity intensity fervency fervency fervency fervency drive drive drive drive ambition ambition ambition ambition aspiration aspiration aspiration aspiration goal goal goal goal target target target target aim aim aim aim purpose purpose purpose purpose meaning meaning meaning meaning significance significance significance significance relevance relevance relevance relevance importance importance importance importance value value value value worth worth worth worth merit merit merit merit quality quality quality quality caliber caliber caliber caliber standard standard standard standard criterion criterion criterion criterion benchmark benchmark benchmark benchmark gauge gauge gauge gauge metric metric metric metric yardstick yardstick yardstick yardstick parameter parameter parameter parameter scale scale scale scale measure measure measure measure index index index index reference reference reference reference point point point point check check check check inspection inspection inspection inspection evaluation evaluation evaluation evaluation assessment assessment assessment assessment appraisal appraisal appraisal appraisal audit audit audit audit examination examination examination examination scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny scrutiny analysis analysis analysis analysis survey survey survey survey investigation investigation investigation investigation inquiry inquiry inquiry inquiry exploration exploration exploration exploration research research research research study study study study observation observation observation observation tracking tracking tracking tracking surveillance surveillance surveillance surveillance reconnaissance reconnaissance reconnaissance reconnaissance scouting scouting scouting scouting probing probing probing probing testing testing testing testing experimentation experimentation experimentation experimentation trial trial trial trial attempt attempt attempt attempt exercise exercise exercise exercise endeavor endeavor endeavor endeavor venture venture venture venture undertaking undertaking undertaking undertaking campaign campaign campaign campaign mission mission mission mission drive drive drive drive initiative initiative initiative initiative project project project project program program program program scheme scheme scheme scheme operation operation operation operation activity activity activity activity task task task task chore chore chore chore job job job job function function function function role role role role purpose purpose purpose purpose intention intention intention intention motivation motivation motivation motivation aim aim aim aim objective objective objective objective aspiration aspiration aspiration aspiration dream dream dream dream desire desire desire desire wish wish wish wish hope hope hope hope expectation expectation expectation expectation anticipation anticipation anticipation anticipation vision vision vision vision perspective perspective perspective perspective outlook outlook outlook outlook trajectory trajectory trajectory trajectory path path path path journey journey journey journey course course course course course place place place place location location location location site site site site position position position position spot spot spot spot venue venue venue venue scene scene scene scene area area area area region region region region zone zone zone zone territory territory territory territory landscape landscape landscape landscape environment environment environment environment ecology ecology ecology ecology geography geography geography geography geology geology geology geology climate climate climate climate atmosphere atmosphere atmosphere atmosphere air air air air breeze breeze breeze breeze gust gust gust gust wind wind wind wind tempest tempest tempest tempest storm storm storm storm hurricane hurricane hurricane hurricane cyclone cyclone cyclone cyclone typhoon typhoon typhoon typhoon blizzard blizzard blizzard blizzard snowfall snowfall snowfall snowfall rain rain rain rain drizzle drizzle drizzle drizzle sprinkle sprinkle sprinkle sprinkle shower shower shower shower downpour downpour downpour downpour torrent torrent torrent torrent flood flood flood flood deluge deluge deluge deluge drought drought drought drought aridity aridity aridity aridity 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accountability liability liability liability liability culpability culpability culpability culpability blame blame blame blame fault fault fault fault charge charge charge charge accusation accusation accusation accusation allegation allegation allegation allegation indictment indictment indictment indictment prosecution prosecution prosecution prosecution litigation litigation litigation litigation trial trial trial trial hearing hearing hearing hearing judgment judgment judgment judgment verdict verdict verdict verdict sentence sentence sentence sentence penalty penalty penalty penalty punishment punishment punishment punishment consequence consequence consequence consequence repercussion repercussion repercussion repercussion fallout fallout fallout fallout outcome outcome outcome outcome effect effect effect effect impact impact impact impact influence influence influence influence sway sway sway sway control control control control power power power power authority authority authority authority domination domination domination domination supremacy supremacy supremacy supremacy reign reign reign reign govern govern govern govern rule rule rule rule oversee oversee oversee oversee supervise supervise supervise supervise manage manage manage manage direct direct direct direct administer administer administer administer organize organize organize organize coordinate coordinate coordinate coordinate orchestrate orchestrate orchestrate orchestrate steer steer steer steer navigate navigate navigate navigate guide guide guide guide mentor mentor mentor mentor coach coach coach coach trainer trainer trainer trainer instructor instructor instructor instructor educator educator educator educator tutor tutor tutor tutor facilitator facilitator facilitator facilitator supporter supporter supporter supporter sponsor sponsor sponsor sponsor promoter promoter promoter promoter backer backer backer backer benefactor benefactor benefactor benefactor guardian guardian guardian guardian protector protector protector protector savior savior savior savior angel angel angel angel lighthouse lighthouse lighthouse lighthouse beacon beacon beacon beacon torch torch torch torch vanguard vanguard vanguard vanguard torchbearer torchbearer torchbearer torchbearer pioneer pioneer pioneer pioneer pathfinder pathfinder pathfinder pathfinder explorer explorer explorer explorer adventurer adventurer adventurer adventurer voyager voyager voyager voyager traveler traveler traveler traveler wanderer wanderer wanderer wanderer nomad nomad nomad nomad gypsy gypsy gypsy gypsy wayfarer wayfarer wayfarer wayfarer drifter drifter drifter drifter rover rover rover rover rambler rambler rambler rambler sojourner sojourner sojourner sojourner itinerant itinerant itinerant itinerant vagabond vagabond vagabond vagabond crusader crusader crusader crusader activist activist activist activist reformist reformist reformist reformist revolutionary revolutionary revolutionary revolutionary insurgent insurgent insurgent insurgent dissenter dissenter dissenter dissenter advocate advocate advocate advocate defender defender defender defender protector protector protector protector savior savior savior savior guardian guardian guardian guardian sentinel sentinel sentinel sentinel watcher watcher watcher watcher observer observer observer observer witness witness witness witness eyewitness eyewitness eyewitness eyewitness spectator spectator spectator spectator viewer viewer viewer viewer onlooker onlooker onlooker onlooker passerby passerby passerby passerby audience audience audience audience crowd crowd crowd crowd throng throng throng throng gathering gathering gathering gathering assembly assembly assembly assembly congregation congregation congregation congregation multitude multitude multitude multitude swarm swarm swarm swarm flock flock flock flock herd herd herd herd pack pack pack pack troop troop troop troop clan clan clan clan tribe tribe tribe tribe nation nation nation nation race race race race people people people people humanity humanity humanity humanity humankind humankind humankind humankind citizenship citizenship citizenship citizenship nationality nationality nationality nationality ethnicity ethnicity ethnicity ethnicity culture culture culture culture civilization civilization civilization civilization society society society society community community community community social social social social cultural cultural cultural cultural historical historical historical historical anthropological anthropological anthropological anthropological sociological sociological sociological sociological demographic demographic demographic demographic geographic geographic geographic geographic regional regional regional regional national national national national global global global global international international international international planetary planetary planetary planetary cosmopolitan cosmopolitan cosmopolitan cosmopolitan universal universal universal universal worldly worldly worldly worldly earthly earthly earthly earthly terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial terrestrial human human human human mortal mortal mortal mortal corporeal corporeal corporeal corporeal physical physical physical physical bodily bodily bodily bodily tangible tangible tangible tangible material material material material substantial substantial substantial substantial solid solid solid solid concrete concrete concrete concrete palpable palpable palpable palpable touchable touchable touchable touchable perceivable perceivable perceivable perceivable sensory sensory sensory sensory experiential experiential experiential experiential firsthand firsthand firsthand firsthand practical practical practical practical pragmatic pragmatic pragmatic pragmatic applied applied applied applied realistic realistic realistic realistic actual actual actual actual factual factual factual factual verifiable verifiable verifiable verifiable demonstrable demonstrable demonstrable demonstrable observable observable observable observable measurable measurable measurable measurable quantifiable quantifiable quantifiable quantifiable calculable calculable calculable calculable document document document document record record record record account account account account statement statement statement statement transcript transcript transcript transcript manuscript manuscript manuscript manuscript file file file file log log log log journal journal journal journal diary diary diary diary note note note note report report report report paper paper paper paper article article article article essay essay essay essay treatise treatise treatise treatise thesis thesis thesis thesis dissertation dissertation dissertation dissertation memoir memoir memoir memoir autobiography autobiography autobiography autobiography biography biography biography biography book book book book publication publication publication publication 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ravine ravine valley valley valley valley basin basin basin basin depression depression depression depression sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole sinkhole pool pool pool pool pond pond pond pond lake lake lake lake sea sea sea sea ocean ocean ocean ocean gulf gulf gulf gulf bay bay bay bay estuary estuary estuary estuary marsh marsh marsh marsh swamp swamp swamp swamp bog bog bog bog fen fen fen fen wetland wetland wetland wetland habitat habitat habitat habitat ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem biome biome biome biome flora flora flora flora fauna fauna fauna fauna wildlife wildlife wildlife wildlife animal animal animal animal species species species species genus genus genus genus family family family family kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom classification classification classification classification taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy taxonomy biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity richness richness richness richness diversity diversity diversity diversity variability variability variability variability variation variation variation variation heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity heterogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity homogeneity conformity conformity conformity conformity similarity similarity similarity similarity resemblance resemblance resemblance resemblance analogy analogy analogy analogy comparison comparison comparison comparison contrast contrast contrast contrast difference difference difference difference divergence divergence divergence divergence disparity disparity disparity disparity gap gap gap gap divide divide divide divide schism schism schism schism fracture fracture fracture fracture rupture rupture rupture rupture separation separation separation separation partition partition partition partition split split split split disunion disunion disunion disunion discord discord discord discord disharmony disharmony disharmony disharmony conflict conflict conflict conflict contention contention contention contention strife strife strife strife dispute dispute dispute dispute quarrel quarrel quarrel quarrel argument argument argument argument disagreement disagreement disagreement disagreement variance variance variance variance inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency inconsistency incongruity incongruity incongruity incongruity anomaly anomaly anomaly anomaly aberration aberration aberration aberration deviation deviation deviation deviation divergence divergence divergence divergence discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy discrepancy irregular irregular irregular irregular abnormal abnormal abnormal abnormal unusual unusual unusual unusual atypical atypical atypical atypical peculiar peculiar peculiar peculiar odd odd odd odd eccentric eccentric eccentric eccentric uncommon uncommon uncommon uncommon rare rare rare rare scarce scarce scarce scarce infrequent infrequent infrequent infrequent sporadic sporadic sporadic sporadic occasional occasional occasional occasional periodic periodic periodic periodic 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incidental incidental incidental secondary secondary secondary secondary subordinate subordinate subordinate subordinate minor minor minor minor trivial trivial trivial trivial negligible negligible negligible negligible insignificant insignificant insignificant insignificant immaterial immaterial immaterial immaterial irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant unimportant unimportant unimportant unimportant inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential inconsequential dismissive dismissive dismissive dismissive belittling belittling belittling belittling derogatory derogatory derogatory derogatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory depreciatory disparaging disparaging disparaging disparaging scornful scornful scornful scornful contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous contemptuous disdainful disdainful disdainful disdainful insulting insulting insulting insulting offensive offensive offensive offensive rude rude rude rude impolite impolite impolite impolite discourteous discourteous discourteous discourteous abrasive abrasive abrasive abrasive harsh harsh harsh harsh rough rough rough rough severe severe severe severe stern stern stern stern strict strict strict strict cruel cruel cruel cruel brutal brutal brutal brutal savage savage savage savage vicious vicious vicious vicious merciless merciless merciless merciless ruthless ruthless ruthless ruthless callous callous callous callous unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving unforgiving insensitive insensitive insensitive insensitive indifferent indifferent indifferent indifferent apathetic apathetic apathetic apathetic detached detached detached detached aloof aloof aloof aloof remote remote remote remote distant distant distant distant faraway faraway faraway faraway separated separated separated separated isolated isolated isolated isolated segregated segregated segregated segregated alienated alienated alienated alienated disconnected disconnected disconnected disconnected estranged estranged estranged 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ineffectual ineffectual futile futile futile futile pointless pointless pointless pointless vain vain vain vain hopeless hopeless hopeless hopeless helpless helpless helpless helpless powerless powerless powerless powerless incapacitated incapacitated incapacitated incapacitated paralyzed paralyzed paralyzed paralyzed immobilized immobilized immobilized immobilized restrained restrained restrained restrained limited limited limited limited confined confined confined confined restricted restricted restricted restricted bounded bounded bounded bounded constrained constrained constrained constrained shackled shackled shackled shackled tied tied tied tied bound bound bound bound fastened fastened fastened fastened secured secured secured secured locked locked locked locked sealed sealed sealed sealed hidden hidden hidden hidden concealed concealed concealed concealed covered covered covered covered masked masked masked masked camouflaged camouflaged camouflaged camouflaged shrouded 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principles principles tenets tenets tenets tenets doctrines doctrines doctrines doctrines beliefs beliefs beliefs beliefs values values values values ethics ethics ethics ethics morals morals morals morals philosophy philosophy philosophy philosophy ideology ideology ideology ideology conviction conviction conviction conviction perception perception perception perception outlook outlook outlook outlook worldview worldview worldview worldview mindset mindset mindset mindset attitude attitude attitude attitude stance stance stance stance positioning positioning positioning positioning disposition disposition disposition disposition temperament temperament temperament temperament behavior behavior behavior behavior conduct conduct conduct manner manner manner manner approach approach approach approach strategy strategy strategy strategy tactic tactic tactic tactic methodology methodology methodology methodology technique technique technique technique practice practice practice practice application application application application implementation implementation implementation implementation execution execution execution execution operation operation operation operation function function function function act act act act deed deed deed deed undertaking undertaking undertaking undertaking endeavor endeavor endeavor endeavor effort effort effort effort task task task task assignment assignment assignment assignment assignment responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility obligation obligation obligation obligation commitment commitment commitment commitment dedication dedication dedication dedication devotion devotion devotion devotion allegiance allegiance allegiance allegiance loyalty loyalty loyalty loyalty faith faith faith faith trust trust trust trust reliance reliance reliance reliance dependence dependence dependence dependence assurance assurance assurance assurance guarantee guarantee guarantee guarantee security security security security safety safety safety safety protection protection protection protection shield shield shield shield defense defense defense defense safeguard safeguard safeguard safeguard barrier barrier barrier barrier wall wall wall wall fence fence fence fence enclosure enclosure enclosure enclosure confinement confinement confinement confinement imprisonment imprisonment imprisonment imprisonment captivity captivity captivity captivity bondage bondage bondage bondage restraint restraint restraint restraint limitation limitation limitation limitation constraint constraint constraint constraint hindrance hindrance hindrance hindrance impediment impediment impediment impediment obstruction obstruction obstruction obstruction stumbling block stumbling block stumbling block stumbling block hurdle hurdle hurdle hurdle challenge challenge challenge challenge trial trial trial trial tribulation tribulation tribulation tribulation difficulty difficulty difficulty difficulty hardship hardship hardship hardship adversity adversity adversity adversity misfortune misfortune misfortune misfortune calamity calamity calamity calamity disaster disaster disaster disaster catastrophe catastrophe catastrophe catastrophe tragedy tragedy tragedy tragedy failure failure failure failure setback setback setback setback loss loss loss loss defeat defeat defeat defeat downfall downfall downfall downfall ruin ruin ruin ruin collapse collapse collapse collapse crash crash crash crash breakdown breakdown breakdown breakdown meltdown meltdown meltdown meltdown devastation devastation devastation devastation wipeout wipeout wipeout wipeout annihilation annihilation annihilation annihilation obliteration obliteration obliteration obliteration extermination extermination extermination exterminination liquidation liquidation liquidation liquidation termination termination termination termination end end end end cessation cessation cessation cessation halt halt halt halt pause pause pause pause stop stop stop stop interruption interruption interruption interruption break break break break respite respite respite respite relief relief relief relief release release release release liberation liberation liberation liberation emancipation emancipation emancipation emancipation freedom freedom freedom freedom autonomy autonomy autonomy autonomy independence independence independence independence self-determination self-determination self-determination self-determination sovereignty sovereignty sovereignty sovereignty control control control control mastery mastery mastery mastery command command command command authority authority authority authority dominance dominance dominance dominance supremacy supremacy supremacy supremacy reign reign reign reign govern govern govern govern rule rule rule rule oversee oversee oversee oversee supervise supervise supervise supervise manage manage manage manage direct direct direct direct administer administer administer administer organize organize organize organize coordinate coordinate coordinate coordinate orchestrater orchestrater orchestrater orchestrater steer steer steer steer navigate navigate navigate navigate guide guide guide guide mentor mentor mentor mentor coach coach coach coach train train train train educate educate educate educate teach teach teach teach tutor tutor tutor tutor leader leader leader leader facilitator facilitator facilitator facilitator supporter supporter supporter supporter sponsor sponsor sponsor sponsor promoter promoter promoter promoter backe.backe.backe.backe.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backer.backersupport.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.suppo.rter.